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Wow. Thank you for sharing all of this, mate.Succinic Acid:
1. Misc.
Ultrastructural analysis of reorganization of the periodontium in simulated torsion abnormality and its correction with succinic acid - PubMed
Morphological study confirmed the positive effect of succinic acid on tissue ultrastructure, energy metabolism in cells of fibroblastic differon, reorganization and neogenesis of intercellular substance of the periodontal connective tissue during the retention period after correction of...
[Biological Functions of Succinate (a Review of Foreign Experimental Studies)] - PubMed
The published data on the modern concept of the biological role of succinate, an intermediate of the citric acid cycle are analysed in the review. Special interest to succinate is determined by investigations on the mitochondrial functions at different pathologies, discovery of the...
[Anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of 3-oxypiridine and succinic acid derivatives in the acute phase of alloxan-induced diabetes in rats] - PubMed
The effect of derivatives of 3-oxypyridine and succinic acid (emoxypine, reamberin, and mexidol) on the manifestations of anxiety (according to the criteria of behavior in elevated cross plus maze test) depression (according to the criterian of immobility in the Porsolt test) in the acute phase...
[Effect of 3-oxypyridine and succinic acid derivatives on clinical manifestations of inflammatory diseases of the uterus and its appendages] - PubMed
Two-week-long, prospective, placebo-controlled, single-blind randomized study of the effects of intravenous emoxipin (150 mg daily), reamberin (400 ml daily) and mexidol (300 mg daily) infusion on the dynamics of clinical symptoms of non-complicated recrudescence of inflammatory diseases of the...
[The use of succinate-containing preparations in combine therapy of diffuse toxic goiter] - PubMed
We studied dynamics of hormonal status, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidative modification, enzymatic activity of the antioxidative system in the patients with newly diagnosed diffuse toxic goiter (Graves' disease). It was shown that the use of succinate-containing antioxidant reamnberin...
[Comparative studies of antihypoxic, neuroprotective and analgesic action of succinate-containing drugs] - PubMed
Experiments with mice showed that, unlike reamberin (100 mg/kg), mexidol (100 mg/kg) and cytoflavin (1 ml/kg) act as antihypoxants in pressure and hermetic chambers but not in case of acute hemic and histotoxic hypoxia. Amtisol succinate (100 mg/kg), a reference antihypoxant, excels the other...
Cell-permeable succinate prodrugs bypass mitochondrial complex I deficiency - PubMed
Mitochondrial complex I (CI) deficiency is the most prevalent defect in the respiratory chain in paediatric mitochondrial disease. This heterogeneous group of diseases includes serious or fatal neurological presentations such as Leigh syndrome and there are very limited evidence-based treatment...
Precipitation of free fatty acids generated by Malassezia - a possible explanation for the positive effects of lithium succinate in seborrhoeic dermatitis - PubMed
The effect of lithium succinate on growth of M. yeasts and presumably in SD can be explained by a precipitation of free fatty acids as alkali soaps limiting their availability for the growth of these lipid-dependent yeasts.
Succinate promotes stem cell migration through the GPR91-dependent regulation of DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission - PubMed
The role of metabolites produced from stem cell metabolism has been emerged as signaling molecules to regulate stem cell behaviors such as migration. The mitochondrial morphology is closely associated with the metabolic balance and stem cell function. However, the physiological role of succinate...
[Effect of succinic acid in alcoholic intoxication] - PubMed
[Effect of succinic acid in alcoholic intoxication]
[CORRECTIVE ACTION ON ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY OF A KREBS CYCLE SERIES ACIDS: FUMARIC ACID AND SUCCINIC ACID] - PubMed
[CORRECTIVE ACTION ON ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY OF A KREBS CYCLE SERIES ACIDS: FUMARIC ACID AND SUCCINIC ACID]
[The role of succinic acid in neuron reaction to synaptic activation] - PubMed
It has been shown on Retzius neuron of the leech that after preintroduction of sodium succinate the reaction to synaptic stimulation expressed in increased frequency of the impulse activity proceeds more intensively than in the norm. In connection with the fact that against the background of...
[Efficiency of succinic acid infusion solutions in minor surgery] - PubMed
A group of 66 patients with purulent-septic surgical pathology on the background of type 2 diabetes mellitus (in the compensation phase) and atherosclerosis of vessels in lower extremities (in the decompensation phase) have been studied. The status of all patients has been determined by the...
2. Cancer
A new target for the treatment of endometrium cancer by succinic acid - PubMed
Endometrium cancer is the most common invasive gynecologic malignancy in developed countries. Succinic acid (CO2HCH2-CH2CO2H) is a type of dibasic acid that has uncolored crystal. Succinic acid is used in bakery products and aromatized products. It is naturally found in some vegetables. Succinic...
Studies in tissue metabolism: The effect of fumarate and succinate on tumour respiration - PubMed
Studies in tissue metabolism: The effect of fumarate and succinate on tumour respiration
3. Reproductive/menopause
[Effect of 3-oxypyridine and succinic acid derivatives on endometrial leucocyte infiltration and lipid peroxidation in recrudescence of inflammatory diseases of the uterus and its appendages] - PubMed
The effect of domestic 3-oxypyridine and succinic acid derivatives (emoxipin, reamberin and mexidol) included in the complex treatment of recrudescence of inflammatory diseases of the uterus and its appendages, as manifested in endometrial leucocyte infiltration (ELI) compared to lipid...
[Effect of 3-oxypyridine and succinic acid derivatives on affective status in recrudescence of inflammatory diseases of uterus and its appendages] - PubMed
Short-term, prospective placebo-controlled simple blind randomized study of the effects of 3-oxypyridine and succinic acid derivatives (emoxipin, reamberin, mexidol) on the affective status of females with recrudescence of the inflammatory diseases of uterus and its appendages (IDUA) in...
458[Takayasu's disease: value of complete aorto-arteriography] - PubMed
[Takayasu's disease: value of complete aorto-arteriography]
4. ATP/Metabolism/insulin/diabetes/obesity
Short-term succinic acid treatment mitigates cerebellar mitochondrial OXPHOS dysfunction, neurodegeneration and ataxia in a Purkinje-specific spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) mouse model - PubMed
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a significant role in neurodegenerative disease including ataxias and other movement disorders, particularly those marked by progressive degeneration in the cerebellum. In this study, we investigate the role of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)...
[Effect of ammonium succinate on pharmacological effects of acetylsalicylic acid] - PubMed
Ammonia succinate potentiates the main pharmacological properties and reduces the toxic effects (ulcerogenic action and general toxicity) of acetylsalicylic acid. The new preparation astam, representing a combination of acetylsalicylic acid with ammonia succinate in a 2:1 ratio, is proposed...
Effects of the dimethyl ester on succinic acid on the hormonal and metabolic response to exercise in hereditarily diabetic starved rats - PubMed
This study was designed to assess the effect of the dimethyl ester of succinic acid (SAD) upon the hormonal and metabolic response to a 60-min exercise in overnight-starved Goto-Kakizaki rats. Twenty Goto-Kakizaki rats were starved overnight and then either maintained at rest or obliged to swim...
Stimulation of insulin release in vivo by the methyl esters of succinic acid and glutamic acid - PubMed
Stimulation of insulin release in vivo by the methyl esters of succinic acid and glutamic acid
Effects of succinic acid dimethyl ester infusion on metabolic, hormonal, and enzymatic variables in starved rats - PubMed
SAD displays a significant nutritional value when infused in starved rats. It could thus be used as a tool to prevent the imbalance between ATP generation and use in selected metabolic situations.
Protective action of succinic acid monomethyl ester against the impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin release caused by glucopenia or starvation: metabolic determinants - PubMed
The monomethyl ester of succinic acid (SME) was recently found to protect pancreatic islet B-cells against the impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin release caused by either glucopenia or starvation. The possible metabolic determinants of such a protective action are now scrutinized. After...
Succinate alters respiration, membrane potential, and intracellular K+ in proximal tubule - PubMed
Succinate, a dicarboxylic acid, is an intermediate in the Krebs cycle that is transported and metabolized by the renal proximal tubule. It is also known to increase proximal tubule transport of phosphate and glucose but not fluid by unknown mechanisms. In the present study, succinate increased...
Effect of succinate on mitochondrial lipid peroxidation. 1. Comparative studies on ferrous ion and ADP . Fe/NADPH-induced peroxidation - PubMed
Lipid peroxidation in isolated rat liver mitochondria, mitoplast, and mitochondrial inner membrane fragments was induced either by ferrous ions, or in an NADPH-dependent process by complexing with adenine nucleotides (ADP or ATP) iron. The Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation is nonenzymic when inner...
Effect of succinate on mitochondrial lipid peroxidation. 2. The protective effect of succinate against functional and structural changes induced by lipid peroxidation - PubMed
The damaging effects of ADP/Fe/NADPH-induced lipid peroxidation were studied on the enzymes and membranes of rat liver mitochondria. Succinate, an inhibitor of mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, prevented or delayed most of the damage caused by the peroxidation on different mitochondrial...
[The effect of succinate on respiration, transamination, and pyruvate formation in cells of the yeast Dipodascus magnusii] - PubMed
The effect of succinate on the growth and respiration of the yeast Dipodascus magnusii VKM Y-1072, which is auxotrophic for thiamine and biotin, was studied. The addition of succinate to a culture grown on glucose was found to activate the respiration of cells on various substrates by enhancing...
Beneficial effect of succinic acid monoethyl ester on erythrocyte membrane bound enzymes and antioxidant status in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetes - PubMed
Succinic acid monoethyl ester (EMS) was recently proposed as an insulinotropic agent for the treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. In the present study the effect of EMS and metformin on erythrocyte membrane bound enzymes and antioxidants activity in plasma and erythrocytes of...
Succinic acid monoethyl ester prevents oxidative stress in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced type2 diabetic rats - PubMed
Succinic acid mono ethyl ester (EMS) was recently proposed as an insulinotropic tool in the treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of EMS on oxidative stress in a streptozotocin (STZ)-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetic model...
THE ANTIKETOGENIC ACTIVITY OF SUCCINIC ACID - PubMed
THE ANTIKETOGENIC ACTIVITY OF SUCCINIC ACID
Effect of succinate, fumarate, and oxalacetate on ketone body production by liver slices from non-diabetic and diabetic rats - PubMed
Effect of succinate, fumarate, and oxalacetate on ketone body production by liver slices from non-diabetic and diabetic rats
Effect of succinic and malic acids and fructose on ketosis in alloxan-diabetic rats - PubMed
Effect of succinic and malic acids and fructose on ketosis in alloxan-diabetic rats
The use of succinic acid in the treatment of acute carbon monoxide poisoning - PubMed
The use of succinic acid in the treatment of acute carbon monoxide poisoning
Succinic acid oxidation as the only energy support of intensive Ca2+ uptake by mitochondria - PubMed
Succinic acid oxidation as the only energy support of intensive Ca2+ uptake by mitochondria
Mitochondrial lipid peroxidation by cumene hydroperoxide and its prevention by succinate - PubMed
Rat liver mitochondria form lipid hydroperoxides when they are incubated aerobically with cumene hydroperoxide. The rate of reaction is dependent on the initial concentration of the latter and involves the consumption of oxygen. Gradient-separated and cytochrome c-depleted mitochondria...
[Metabolic disorders in acute poisoning and their correction by sodium succinate] - PubMed
[Metabolic disorders in acute poisoning and their correction by sodium succinate]
Protective effects of succinic acid dimethyl ester infusion in experimental endotoxemia - PubMed
In rats injected with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 5 gamma mg/g body weight [BWT]), the toxin provokes death within 24 h in 23% of the animals and, in surviving rats, causes a decrease in BWT, hyperlactacidemia, hyperlipacidemia, and hyperketonemia, as well as depletion of both liver and...
Metabolic effects and fate of succinic acid methyl esters in rat hepatocytes - PubMed
The metabolic fate and metabolic effects of succinic acid methyl esters were examined in rat isolated hepatocytes. Both the monomethyl ester (SAM) and dimethyl ester (SAD) of succinic acid inhibited D-glucose metabolism. Such an inhibition affected, in order of increasing severity, the direct...
Succinate enhances the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-altered intestinal motility in the rat - PubMed
Succinate enhances the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-altered intestinal motility in the rat
Succinate recovers mitochondrial oxygen consumption in septic rat skeletal muscle - PubMed
Succinate increases mitochondrial oxygen consumption in ex vivo skeletal muscle taken from septic animals, bypassing the predominant inhibition occurring at complex I. This warrants further exploration in vivo as a putative therapeutic modality.
[Succinic acid infusions for correction of renal ischemia in patients with acute purulent pyelonephritis] - PubMed
The activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDG), malate dehydrogenase (MDG), concentrations of lactic acid and lipid peroxidation (LPO) products in the blood serum and urine were estimated in 119 patients with acute pyelonephritis (70 cases of serous and 49 cases of purulent). The results of the...
Succinate ameliorates energy deficits and prevents dysfunction of complex I in injured renal proximal tubular cells - PubMed
We previously reported that mitochondrial function, intracellular ATP levels, and complex I activity are decreased in renal proximal tubular cells (RPTC) after oxidant (tert-butyl hydroperoxide; TBHP)-induced injury. This study examined the hypothesis that succinate supplementation decreases...
[The clinical efficacy of a succinate-containing infusion drug during pharmacotherapy for hepatic lesions of varying genesis: results of meta-analysis] - PubMed
The succinic acid-based infusion hepatoprotector remaxol provides a statistically and clinically significant therapeutic effect in the drug correction of hepatic lesions of varying genesis.
[Metabolic correctors based on succinic acid as pathogenic therapy in chronic virus hepatitis] - PubMed
Chronic viral hepatitides (CVH) run with long-term activation of the system of mononuclear phagocytes associated with hyperproduction of active oxygen forms. This can be considered as risk factors of antioxidant insufficiency which determines the course of the disease. Now, antioxidant...
[Experimental study of cytoprotector effect of succinate-containing drugs on functional activity of liver] - PubMed
Hepatoprotective effect of metabolism correctors has been studied on the model of experimental viral and toxic damage of the liver. Reamberin-based substrate compositions (cytoflavin and remaxol) exhibit antihypoxic effect, antioxidant activity, and cytoprotective action on the background of...
Effects of succinic and glutamic acid combination on energy metabolism in the liver of mice under conditions of hypoxia - PubMed
Treatment of mice by a combination of succinic and glutamic acids prevented the metabolic disorders in the liver under conditions of normobaric hypoxia. In addition, the activity of the mitochondrial fast metabolic cluster remained intact and lipid peroxidation was limited.
Microbiota-Produced Succinate Improves Glucose Homeostasis via Intestinal Gluconeogenesis - PubMed
Beneficial effects of dietary fiber on glucose and energy homeostasis have long been described, focusing mostly on the production of short-chain fatty acids by the gut commensal bacteria. However, bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber also produces large amounts of succinate and, to date, no...
[Evaluation of the efficiency of hepatoprotective monotherapy using succinic acid and methionine for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease at the stage of steatohepatitis] - PubMed
Incorporation of Remaxol into the therapy regimen in patients with NAFLD at the stage of SH enhances the effectiveness of treatment.
[SODIUM SUCCINATE AS METHOD OF INTENSIVE CARE OPTIMIZATION OF NEWBORNS' MULTIORGAN FAILURE SYNDROM] - PubMed
With the aim of ascertainment of pathogenesis of newborns' multiorgan failure syndrom it was made a research of lactat, pyruvate, urea containing and succinatedehydrogenase activity of newborns venous blood with sequences to perinatal infection and perinatal asphyxia. Was set the reliable...
Effect of cytochrome C and sodium succinate in cases of chronic hepatic disease - PubMed
Effect of cytochrome C and sodium succinate in cases of chronic hepatic disease
[Effect of ethionamide and sodium succinate on NADPH-dependent oxidaton in the liver] - PubMed
A single administration of ethionamide (LD50) to guinea pigs causes an inhibition of p-hydroxylation and N-demethylation in the liver. Sodium succinate favours the activation and, when it is used for correction of the ethionamide toxic effect, it normalizes the above-mentioned processes.
[Disruption of liver energy metabolism in chronic cholecystitis and its metabolic correction with sodium succinate] - PubMed
[Disruption of liver energy metabolism in chronic cholecystitis and its metabolic correction with sodium succinate]
[Oxidative phoshporylation, proton exchange and volume changes in hepatocyte mitochondria under the effect of exogenous succinate] - PubMed
Long use of exogenous succinate causes changes in hepatocytes bioenergetic functions in guinea pigs. The character of cation is of essential significance in this situation: sodium succinate produces a moderate stimulating effect, potassium succinate evokes a distinct energizing influence.
Biochemical evaluation of succinic acid therapy in urolithiasis - PubMed
Reports of Melon et al. [7] and Hodgkinson [4] regarding the efficacy of succinic acid or its derivative (salt) in reducing the endogenous synthesis of oxalate are conflicting. The possible application of succinic acid as a potential inhibitor of oxalate synthesis, and the biochemical...
6. Neuroprotective/CNS
Successful treatment with succinate in a patient with MELAS - PubMed
We present a case report of a 27-year-old man with MELAS, who presented with general convulsions and left flaccid hemiparesis. Anticonvulsant drugs failed to achieve complete control of his convulsions. A good response to oral administration of succinate has been maintained for more than 30...
Effect of sodium succinate on gas exchange in rats with barbiturate-induced coma - PubMed
Injection of sodium succinate in doses of 5 or 10 mmol/kg (but not 1 mmol/kg) intensified oxygen consumption in rats with sodium thiopental-induced coma. Injection of SDH inhibitor (sodium malonate) inhibited gas exchange and abolished the effect of sodium succinate. The effect of succinate on...
Inhibitory effects of succinic acid on chemical kindling and amygdala electrical kindling in rats - PubMed
Succinic acid inhibits PTZ chemical and amygdala electrical kindling in rats, and the inhibition mechanism may be related to the enhancement of GABAergic system action in the brain, especially through GABAA receptors.
[The effect of succinic acid on postresuscitation pathology of the CNS and of the body as a whole] - PubMed
The effect of oral succinic acid was studied in rats exposed to 10-min heart arrest followed by resuscitation. The drug was administered for 5 days in a dose of 30 mg/kg starting from day 3 up to day 7 after resuscitation. Succinic acid was found to normalize the orientation and exploration...
[Effects of sodium succinate on functional, biochemical and morphological indicators of CNS repair in rats after 10-minute circulation arrest] - PubMed
Therapeutic effect of sodium succinate on various functional, biochemical, and morphological parameters of CNS repair was studied in experiments on rats exposed to 10-min circulation arrest. The first series of experiments was devoted to studies of the effects of the drug, injected...
Succinate and artificial maintenance of normal body temperature synergistically correct lethal disorders in thiopental coma rat - PubMed
Under modeling of thiopental coma influence of sodium succinate and (or) external warming for the support of normal body temperature (isothermal regimen) on the gas exchange, blood gas content, acid-base status and survival rate was studied in rats. In the absence of therapy hypothermia was...
[Use of sodium succinate in complex treatment of ischemic stroke] - PubMed
The results of the study of sodium succinate efficacy in the treatment of 60 patients with ischemic stroke in comparison to the control group, not receiving antioxidants, are presented. The best results of sodium succinate were achieved in regress of local and general brain symptoms. The authors...
[Effects of silymarin and its combination with succinic acid on brain bioenergetics in rats with experimental inhibition of beta-oxidation of fatty acids] - PubMed
In the tests on rats with a model of encephalopathy caused by 4-pentenoic acid (inhibitor of the beta-oxidation of fatty acids), the hepatoprotective agent silymarin increases the respiratory activity in brain mitochondria, improves oxidative phosphorylation coupling and energization, and...
Synergism of isothermal regimen and sodium succinate in experimental therapy of barbiturate coma - PubMed
In rats with experimental thiopental coma rectal temperature decreased by 9.4 degrees C, oxygen consumption 5-fold, and arteriovenous Po(2)gradient decreased 2-fold within 3 h; CO(2)accumulated in the blood and mixed type acidosis developed. Administration of sodium succinate under these...
Effect of silimarin, succinic acid, and their combination on bioenergetics of the brain in experimental encephalopathy - PubMed
In rats with experimental encephalopathy caused by intoxication with 4-pentenoic acid inhibiting beta-oxidation of medium- and long-chain fatty acids, hepatoprotector silimarin inhibited LPO, prevented deenergization and maintained high respiratory activity of brain mitochondria, and increased...
Maintenance of homeostasis in the aging hypothalamus: the central and peripheral roles of succinate - PubMed
Aging is the phenotype resulting from accumulation of genetic, cellular, and molecular damages. Many factors have been identified as either the cause or consequence of age-related decline in functions and repair mechanisms. The hypothalamus is the source and a target of many of these factors and...
[Cerebroprotective effect of 3-oxypyridine and succinic acid derivatives in experimental diabetes mellitus] - PubMed
We studied an effect of original domestic derivatives of 3-oxypyridine and succinic acid (emoxipine, reamberin and mexidol) on changes in the cellular composition of cortical and diencephalic structures in the rat brain in relation to the hyperglycemia severity in rats with alloxan diabetes. The...
[Neuroprotective effects of succinate-containing antihypoxante reamberine in treatment of patients with toxicohypoxic brain injury] - PubMed
As a result of survey in process of treatment of 60 patients with severe acute poisoning complicated by the toxic-hypoxic brain edema, found that inclusion of reamberin (antihypoxant containing succinate) in basic therapy leads to increase levels of the antioxidant defense system, decrease lipid...
[Antihypoxic effect of 3-hydroxypyridine and succinic acid derivatives and their nootropic action in alloxan diabetes] - PubMed
Relationship between the antihypoxic effect of 3-hydroxypyridine and succinic acid derivatives (emoxipine, reamberin and mexidol) and their effect on conditional learning, glycemia, and lipidemia was studied in rats with alloxan-induced diabetes. In parallel, the analogous relationship was...
[Effects of 3-hydroxypyridine and succinic acid derivates on the dynamics of vertebral/neurologic symptoms after the surgical treatment of disk herniations] - PubMed
A study of 3-hydroxypiridine and succinic acid derivates (emoxipin, reamberin and mexidol) effects on the 14 week dynamics of vertebral/neurologic symptoms was performed in 136 patients after the surgical treatment of disk herniations. Data obtained demonstrated the reduction of severity of...
[Protective effect of succinic acid on cerebellar Purkinje cells of neonatal rats with convulsion] - PubMed
The high excitability of PCs and the abnormal PF-PC synaptic plasticity caused by convulsion in neonatal rats may last to the developmental period, which can be aggravated by PB, while SA can reduce the excitability of PCs in neonatal rats with convulsion and repair the short- and long-term...
Succinate supplementation improves metabolic performance of mixed glial cell cultures with mitochondrial dysfunction - PubMed
Mitochondrial dysfunction, the inability to efficiently utilise metabolic fuels and oxygen, contributes to pathological changes following traumatic spinal cord or traumatic brain injury (TBI). In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that succinate supplementation can improve cellular...
Sodium succinate therapy in multiple sclerosis and other neurological disorders - PubMed
Sodium succinate therapy in multiple sclerosis and other neurological disorders
The analeptic effect of succinate in coma and in confusional states - PubMed
The analeptic effect of succinate in coma and in confusional states
Succinate therapy in multiple sclerosis - PubMed
Succinate therapy in multiple sclerosis
Sodium succinate; an analeptic for barbiturate poisoning in man - PubMed
Sodium succinate; an analeptic for barbiturate poisoning in man
The analeptic effect of sodium succinate in barbiturate anesthesia in rabbits - PubMed
The analeptic effect of sodium succinate in barbiturate anesthesia in rabbits
The analeptic effect of sodium succinate on barbiturate depression in man - PubMed
The analeptic effect of sodium succinate on barbiturate depression in man
The analeptic effect of sodium succinate on barbiturate depression in man - PubMed
The analeptic effect of sodium succinate on barbiturate depression in man
7. Stress/Mood/Cognition
[Metabolic effects of succinic and nicotinic acids in emotional pain stress] - PubMed
In experiments on rats it was shown that administration of succinic and nicotinic acids in doses of 30 and 4 mg/kg for 5 days elevated pyruvic acid level and changed catecholamine balance in tissues of the aorta and heart. The administration of the drugs to rats with current-induced stress...
Anxiolytic-like effect of succinic acid in mice - PubMed
The putative anxiolytic activity of succinic acid was examined in male mice by using a number of experimental paradigms of anxiety and compared with that of the known anxiolytic compound diazepam. Use of the elevated plus-maze test revealed that diazepam (1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg, PO) or succinic...
[Antidepressant effect of 3-oxypyridine and succinic acid derivatives (experimental study)] - PubMed
Reamberin and alpha-lipoic acid that in maximal doses either had no effect on the orientation behavior in the open field (reamberin) or suppressed it (alpha-lipoic acid) matched amitriptyline in the extent of antidepressant activity. The derivatives of 3-oxypyridine (emoxipine and mexidol) with...
[Anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of 3-oxypiridine and succinic acid derivatives in alloxan diabetes] - PubMed
The effects of 3-oxypyridine and succinic acid derivatives (emoxipine, reamberin and mexidol) on affective disorders in rats with alloxan diabetes were studied. The efficiency of emoxipine, reamberin and mexidol was compared to alpha-lipoic acid, which is considered a "golden standard" in...
Comparative analysis of the anxiolytic effects of 3-hydroxypyridine and succinic acid derivatives - PubMed
Threefold administration of 3-hydroxypyridine derivatives emoxipine and mexidol in optimal doses corresponding to the therapeutic dose range for humans produced an anxiolytic effect and stimulated risk behavior in the elevated plus maze test in rats. These effects were most pronounced after...
The antidotal action of sodium succinate in the mescaline psychosis - PubMed
The antidotal action of sodium succinate in the mescaline psychosis
A further note on the mechanism of the antidotal action of sodium succinate in the mescaline psychosis - PubMed
A further note on the mechanism of the antidotal action of sodium succinate in the mescaline psychosis
Reserpine depression treated with sodium succinate; a preliminary report - PubMed
Reserpine depression treated with sodium succinate; a preliminary report
The effect of succinic semialdehyde and sodium succinate on the higher nervous activity in normal subjects - PubMed
In 15 normal volunteers the action of succinic semialdehyde (SSA), and in 24 volunteers the effect of sodium succinate (SS), on the HNA have been investigated. As a result it was found that SSA brings about some enhancement of the excitatory process in cortical - mainly verbal -activities...
What doses are meant here by "higher doses" and "lower doses"?
