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They used pure fructose and we all know rat diets are horrible. AGE happens with both intra and extracellular glucose, but the excess of extracellular glucose is the problem. Fructose can enter the cells in the presence of insulin resistance, whereas glucose cannot. So it would seem more to me that elevated extracellular glucose is the problem and not fructose.I ate a surplus for a week and a half a while ago and gained 4 kg. That's why I'm reducing calories again.
As I understand it, fructose has a low glycemic index because it's handled by the liver mainly. GI is not really a useful measure for fructose. But I'm not convinced drinking liters of orange juice every day is beneficial. See for example:
Long-Term Fructose Consumption Accelerates Glycation and Several Age-Related Variables in Male Rats
The purpose of this study was to investigate the consequences of long-term fructose consumption, compared with glucose or sucrose, on glycation, lipid peroxidation and aging. We measured the levels of fructosamine and GHb as indices of glycation, urine malondialdehyde levels as an indication of lipid peroxidation, and collagen solubility, crosslinking and fluorescence as age-related parameters. Because previous in vitro studies clearly showed that fructose is a more potent glycating agent than glucose (Bunns and Higgins 1981) and is as much as 10-fold more efficient at forming AGE (McPherson et al. 1988), we hypothesized that chronic fructose intake may adversely affect aging in vivo. Fructose consumption increased blood fructosamine and GHb, urine lipid peroxidation excretion, skin collagen crosslinking, collagen-bound fluorescence in cortical bones, and decreased skin collagen solubility. Thus, we suggest that fructose, compared with glucose or sucrose, accelerates the normal aging process.
Long-Term Fructose Consumption Accelerates Glycation and Several Age-Related Variables in Male Rats
I use Cronometer to measure my nutrient intake and have no deficincies that I'm aware of; whatever I don't get from food I supplement.
Getting fructose through fruits is also much more beneficial than lots of pure fructose in a bad diet as fruits/fruit juice helps to improve insulin sensitivity, lower inflammation, etc. Studies show that people that consume fruit juice are actually leaner than those that didn't.
Lots of liquids, regardless if it's juice or not, is not beneficial to everyone because it depends a lot on their metabolic state how they react to it.
Weight gain is expected when refeeding with a slow metabolism. Dropping calories again will just prevent metabolic recovery.
It's definitely not guaranteed. The only benefit to IF is that it lowers endotoxins and inflammation. Only weight training and good metabolic function will increase muscle mass.Guaranteed