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April 2022
Open Life Sci. 2022; 17(1): 401–415.
Published online 2022 Apr 26. doi: 10.1515/biol-2022-0035
PMCID: PMC9055170
PMID: 35582622
Relationship between blood clots and COVID-19 vaccines: A literature review
Relationship between blood clots and COVID-19 vaccines: A literature review
SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is one of the most critical pandemics during human civilization. Several therapeutic strategies for COVID-19 management have been offered; nonetheless, none of them seems to be sufficiently beneficial. In effect, vaccines have been ...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Open Life Sci. 2022; 17(1): 401–415.
Published online 2022 Apr 26. doi: 10.1515/biol-2022-0035
PMCID: PMC9055170
PMID: 35582622
Relationship between blood clots and COVID-19 vaccines: A literature review
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is one of the most critical pandemics during human civilization. Several therapeutic strategies for COVID-19 management have been offered; nonetheless, none of them seems to be sufficiently beneficial. In effect, vaccines have been proffered as a viable option. The critical issue now is to concentrate on protecting individuals against illness through immunization. One of the causes for concern among the researchers, physicians, and generally the whole community from the onset of vaccination has been the adverse effects (specifically blood clots) that may be observed after the injection of the COVID-19 vaccine. In some countries, such concerns have even resulted in the temporary or permanent discontinuation or abandonment of the application of some vaccines (especially AstraZeneca and Janssen). By evaluating rigorous studies published on this subject, the present article is aimed at identifying the association between blood clot incidence and COVID-19 vaccination. Various methods for producing the COVID-19 vaccines are analyzed, along with their possible pros and cons as well as common and rare side effects, especially VITT (vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia) and blood clots. Finally, the differences of various vaccines on thrombotic events, WHO recommendations for VITT treatment, and blood clots statics are discussed.
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19. Conclusion
Adenovirus vector vaccines (AstraZeneca, Janssen, Sputnik V [no official case reported]) seem to be responsible for developing vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. However, it is not entirely understood what exactly triggers the immune system to cause VITT. That said, there are some speculations about DNA/RNA-PF4 complex, Spike protein itself, and transcription complexities that describe the occurrence of thrombotic thrombocytopenia syndrome reasonably. In addition, some factors like the patient’s underlying disease or age/sex and hormonal situation of the patient are effective in the management and treatment of VITT. All in all, it appears that first and foremost, physicians should review the testes’ results of anti-PF4-heparin and PF4-polyanion antibodies. Assessment of D-dimer and fibrinogen levels, as well as imaging methods, may also be helpful for medical doctors in evaluating suspected VITT patients. WHO has recommended the use of IVIG and/or nonheparin-based anticoagulants in individuals who are suffering from TTS after the COVID-19 vaccination. It has also generally (not in exceptional cases) advised against the use of heparin, platelet infusion, and steroid treatment in such patients. It should also be noted that although there is a connection between blood clots and COVID-19 vaccination, statistics and data have provided cogent proof that the occurrence of blood clots in COVID-19 is up to 10 times more common than the vaccines’ injection.