Such_Saturation
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<<Tissue glutamine was decreased by the presence of alpha-keto acids and this decrease was related to amount of alpha-keto acid aminated. By combining these data with values for glutamine and glutamate in the medium a reciprocal relationship was found between the amount of keto acid aminated and nitrogen recovered in glutamine plus glutamate. Thus it was concluded that glutamine was the ultimate source of nitrogen for essential amino acid synthesis in liver.
In the muscle perfusion experiments, as in those with liver, alpha-keto acid disappearance from the medium was linear with time. Between individual keto acids the disappearance rate varied from 46 to 119 micromoles per hour. The appearance rate of new amino acids was greatest for ketomethionine and least for ketoisoleucine and ketophenylalanine. In contrast to liver, the muscle preparation did not yield tyrosine from ketophenylalanine. Analyses for free amino acids in muscle extracts plus perfusate showed not only large increases corresponding to the keto acid infused but a general decrease in each of the other amino acids.
In contrast to liver perfusions, muscle perfusions were not accompanied by changes in glutamine or glutamate release, or in alanine release, that could identify the source of nitrogen for amino acid synthesis.>>
<<The keto acid disappearance not accounted for by release of free amino acid may represent catabolism of the keto acid or utilization of the newly-synthesized amino acid for protein synthesis. Analysis of tissue extracts indicated no accumulation of newly synthesized free amino acids in liver.>> [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1974.tb06307.x/abstract]
Improved training tolerance by supplementation with α-Keto acids in untrained young adults: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial
Keto analogue and amino acid supplementation affects the ammonaemia response during exercise under ketogenic conditions.
<<Supplementation increased ammonia levels at rest 40%. However, after exercise, ammonia levels were markedly lower in supplemented animals than nonsupplemented (100% increase in nonsupplemented rats and 40% in supplemented rats). KAAA supplementation increased glucose levels in resting animals 10%. Glycemia after exercise was not affected by glucose supplementation. Blood lactate was increased 100% in the supplementation group and only 57% in the non-supplemented exercise group. Creatinine clearance was more efficient with KAAA supplementation.>> [http://easacademy.org/research-news/article/acute-supplementation-with-keto-analogues-and-amino-acids-in-rats-during-resistance-exercise-b]
The Effect of a Keto Acid–Amino Acid Supplement to a Restricted Diet on the Progression of Chronic Renal Failure
In the muscle perfusion experiments, as in those with liver, alpha-keto acid disappearance from the medium was linear with time. Between individual keto acids the disappearance rate varied from 46 to 119 micromoles per hour. The appearance rate of new amino acids was greatest for ketomethionine and least for ketoisoleucine and ketophenylalanine. In contrast to liver, the muscle preparation did not yield tyrosine from ketophenylalanine. Analyses for free amino acids in muscle extracts plus perfusate showed not only large increases corresponding to the keto acid infused but a general decrease in each of the other amino acids.
In contrast to liver perfusions, muscle perfusions were not accompanied by changes in glutamine or glutamate release, or in alanine release, that could identify the source of nitrogen for amino acid synthesis.>>
<<The keto acid disappearance not accounted for by release of free amino acid may represent catabolism of the keto acid or utilization of the newly-synthesized amino acid for protein synthesis. Analysis of tissue extracts indicated no accumulation of newly synthesized free amino acids in liver.>> [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1974.tb06307.x/abstract]
Improved training tolerance by supplementation with α-Keto acids in untrained young adults: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial
Keto analogue and amino acid supplementation affects the ammonaemia response during exercise under ketogenic conditions.
<<Supplementation increased ammonia levels at rest 40%. However, after exercise, ammonia levels were markedly lower in supplemented animals than nonsupplemented (100% increase in nonsupplemented rats and 40% in supplemented rats). KAAA supplementation increased glucose levels in resting animals 10%. Glycemia after exercise was not affected by glucose supplementation. Blood lactate was increased 100% in the supplementation group and only 57% in the non-supplemented exercise group. Creatinine clearance was more efficient with KAAA supplementation.>> [http://easacademy.org/research-news/article/acute-supplementation-with-keto-analogues-and-amino-acids-in-rats-during-resistance-exercise-b]
The Effect of a Keto Acid–Amino Acid Supplement to a Restricted Diet on the Progression of Chronic Renal Failure