GenericName86
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Also with Vitamin C being more and more talked about I've seen more "experts" come out saying it's no good because high doses stops kidneys from clearing properly?
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Funny, I've been taking Lysine recently. It powerfully subdues my herpes outbreaks whenever they occur, so I figure it must have some general antiviral properties.
Olive leaf extract seems to be anti-viral „directly“, without meddling with the host immune response and tissue by attacking the viral abilities to become proteolytic. See links provided above.
Today I heard a renowned pulmonology specialist explaining that in his opinion, patients with COVID-19 in Italy are dying due to excessive use of oxygen respirators. He cited some studies that showed a larger percentage of patients survive if not put on respirators.
How much Lysine have you taken to get that effect?
If I feel an outbreak coming, I’ll usually take a 1-1.5g dose. That often stops it altogether. Otherwise I’ll usually take 500mg three times a day, or more, and that massively speeds up the healing process.
I am glad that this strategy works for you. I think that it may be best to make sure that you get more lysine than arginine in your diet. You may find that you do not need to supplement everyday.
It is the ratio of the two amino acids that counts. Supplementation with lysine can change the ratio and that is one way to keep the level of the viruses low. The other way is to keep arginine low. Chronometer can show you how much of lysine and arginine is in your diet. Here is a pdf if you want to plan ahead to insure that your ratio for the day will be desirable.
http://eiwellness.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Lysine-and-Arginine-Food-Guide.pdf
Meplazumab treats COVID-19 pneumonia: an open-labelled, concurrent controlled add-on clinical trialSARS-CoV-2 invades host cells via a novel route: CD147-spike protein
"First, in vitro antiviral tests indicated Meplazumab, an anti-CD147 humanized antibody, significantly inhibited the viruses from invading host cells, with an EC50 of 24.86 μg/mL and IC50 of 15.16 μg/mL."
Basigin (BSG) also known as extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) or cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BSG gene.[4][5][6] This protein is a determinant for the Ok blood group system. Basigin has been shown to be an essential receptor on red blood cells for the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum.[7]
Update III : so I went back to the hospital for my persistent chest pain. Huge mistake as the hospital was completely overrun this time. I had to wait for three hours to be examined, this is way beyond the norm in here, last time I was examined within 15 minutes. They had no beds with those big hospital ventilators next to them, last time they immediately put me on one of those beds, instead, they had a bunch of bi-pap machines that looked like home devices next to newly made beds.
There wasn't a special wing designed for corona patients like last time, the entire hospital had become a huge corona wing, with beds everywhere. There was one guy that was really bad and his situation was just horrible, he was very young too, younger than me for sure(I'm in my 30s). He was jumping up and down on his bed gasping for air and waving his hands frantically, fighting invisible enemies and asking for help. It looked really really horrible. I have no idea how these doctors and nurses stay sane and keep coming back to work. They couldn't do anything for him as he was able to still "breath" on his own, he wasn't hooked to a machine just oxygen.
I couldn't wait there for long and went outside to a special area they have designed with open-air that's for patients that are better, I would check back every ten minutes or so to see if the doctor had become available.
Anyway, the doctor finally came and took my bp and listened to my breathing and wrote another chest ct from my lungs and heart. The ct showed medium lung involvement but no heart enlargement. He asked whether I want to start treatment with chloroquine and be admitted or can I go home. I just wanted to gtho of there asap so I refused. He said I should immediately get back and start treatment if I get even slightly worse. He also reviewed the other doctor's recommendations and said I should stop taking vitamins c, d and e because they put a strain on my body. There was no time to ask him about other things I've started taking like reishi and b complex.
Yesterday I didn't take any vitamins but instead took around 10-15 grams of dried reishi mushroom about 5 hours before bed. Last night was the first night in two weeks that I didn't wake up gasping for air several times. Very glad about that. Also, my chest pain has become more centralized and is no longer located on the left side.
Today I had shortness of breath all day long but it wasn't as bad as say, five or six days ago. This is by far the longest I have been sick and it's definitely the strongest bug I have ever had. It is incredible that more than two weeks after the start of my symptoms I sometimes feel like the disease is making a comeback, like it's moving to another part of my body or reinfecting my vocal cords and so on..
I should also mention that I have several underlying conditions, I have psoriasis and I've struggled with fatigue, cold body and ADHD like symptoms all my life. I've been diagnosed with hypothyroidism one and was on t4 by a general practitioner for three months but then I went to a specialist who decided to discontinue, this was years ago btw. I don't get sick that often but when I do it is usually more severe than my GF or family members. For example last year I got the flu from my GF and had to go to the hospital and was off work for a whole week while she just took one day off work and was back on her feet after two days rest. My diet has been horrible these past few weeks because my GF usually does the cooking. I've been eating crappy microwave soup and pasta and fruits and chese puffs and chips!
Stay healthy folks.
I am glad that this strategy works for you. I think that it may be best to make sure that you get more lysine than arginine in your diet. You may find that you do not need to supplement everyday.
It is the ratio of the two amino acids that counts. Supplementation with lysine can change the ratio and that is one way to keep the level of the viruses low. The other way is to keep arginine low. Chronometer can show you how much of lysine and arginine is in your diet. Here is a pdf if you want to plan ahead to insure that your ratio for the day will be desirable.
http://eiwellness.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Lysine-and-Arginine-Food-Guide.pdf
I've also read a primary way cornoviruses are contained is via nitric oxide, which is boosted by l-arginine and many of the things that seem to "work" against these viruses.
I wonder about this though - despite negative sides of arginine, isn't it necessary for the immune system, especially in preventing pneumonia?
I've also read a primary way cornoviruses are contained is via nitric oxide, which is boosted by l-arginine and many of the things that seem to "work" against these viruses.
I concur. It is all about the balance of lysine and arginine. As I said above, "I think that it may be best to make sure that you get more lysine than arginine in your diet. You may find that you do not need to supplement everyday. " There is no magic ratio but a ratio of 1.1 might be a good place to start. That can be achieved with diet.
As per Ray Peat, Ray Peat Email Exchanges - Ray Peat Forum Wiki
Nitric Oxide has a "dark side". In a 2015 interview with Haidut entitled "Nitric Oxide and Methylene Blue [Generative Energy #11]" , Danny Roddy left the following time stamps:
05:00 - Ray Peat’s Nitric Oxide Interviews (link: http://bit.ly/rayinterviews)
05:45 - Mainstream views of nitric oxide
06:25 - Can be thought of as an emergency substitute for carbon dioxide to dilate blood vessels (CO2)
07:14 - Nitric oxide can influence intracellular calcium levels
07:51 - Local vs. systemic release of nitric oxide
08:50 - Nitric oxide and lactate stimulate angiogenesis
09:20 - Nitric oxide irreversibly binds cytochrome c oxidase
10:28 - Infections acutely increase nitric oxide
11:05 - Good thyroid function for low levels of nitric oxide
11:30 - Caffeine, niacinamide, zinc, and magnesium can help lower nitric oxide
12:00 - The amino acid lysine can lower nitric oxide
12:27 - Health problems associated with nitric oxide (and testing it)
13:23 - Nitric oxide theory of aging (link: http://bit.ly/1WrgZuS)
14:19 - Chronic disease is associated with elevated levels of nitric oxide and contributes to the problem
15:39 - Activating cytochrome c oxidase to lower nitric oxide
16:10 - Red light and methylene blue lower nitric oxide
16:55 - Nitric oxide can lower the core temperature
In summary:
Yeah, it has arginine in it, but what does it matter?Still, maybe a good idea to supplement some gelatin along with lysine (pretty sure that has a fair bit of arginine in it).
Im dumping abstracts to this important question,you and me want to know if supplemental D works,
it will be about that and about natural occurence D.
Relationship between vitamin D levels and outcome of pneumonia in children
AO Oduwole, JK Renner, E Disu, E Ibitoye, E Emokpae
West African journal of medicine 29 (6), 2010
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Pneumonia, a common childhood infection in Nigerian children with a number of debilitating complications such as empyema thoracis, has been linked to vitamin D deficiency due to its ability to modulate the T lymphocyte of the immune system.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between vitamin D and outcome of pneumonia in children. METHODS: This was a case-control study involving 24 children, admitted for pneumonia as subjects and 10 children without pneumonia as controls. Pre-formatted questionnaire was utilized to obtain background information, anthropometric measurements were made to determine nutritional status and estimation of 25-hydroxy cholecalciferol (25OHD) done for all those studied. RESULTS: The mean (SD) serum 25OHD concentration was 104 (59) nmol/L and 130 (107) nmol/L for subjects and controls respectively. Amongst the subjects 15 (54%) had serum 25OHD less than 70nmol/L and 11 (46%) serum 25OHD greater than70nmol/L. Hypocalcaemia was present in 15 (54%) of the subjects. Further analysis of hypocalcaemia with regards to the concentration of serum 25OHD showed that 2 (13%) had levels below 40nmol/L, 10 (67%) had levels below 70nmol/L and 3 (20%) above 70nmol/L. Hypocalcaemia was more frequent among subjects with 25OHD below 70nmol/L compared with those above70nmol/L,(p= 0.01). Empyema thoracis and death occurred amongst the two subjects with 25OHD between 27.5 and 40nmol/L. Anaemia was more frequent among subjects with 25OHD below 70nmol/L compared with those above70nmol/L (p= 0.03). CONCLUSION: The study showed that Vitamin D insufficiency, and not solely its deficiency, may have an important role to play in the immune and haemopoetic system. It may therefore affect the response of a child to infections especially pneumonia. WAJM 2010; 29 (6): 373–378.
Effects of vitamin D supplementation to children diagnosed with pneumonia in Kabul: a randomised controlled trial
Semira Manaseki‐Holland, Ghulam Qader, Mohammad Isaq Masher, Jane Bruce, M Zulf Mughal, Daniel Chandramohan, Gijs Walraven
Tropical Medicine & International Health 15 (10), 1148-1155, 2010
Objectives To determine whether (i) supplementation of oral 100 000 iu of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) along with antibiotics will reduce the duration of illness in children with pneumonia; (ii) supplementation will reduce the risk of repeat episodes.
Methods Double‐blind individually randomised placebo‐controlled trial in an inner‐city hospital in Kabul, of 453 children aged 1–36 months, diagnosed with non‐severe or severe pneumonia at the outpatient clinic. Children with rickets, other concurrent severe diseases, very severe pneumonia or wheeze, were excluded. Children were given vitamin D3 or placebo drops additional to routine pneumonia treatment.
Results Two hundred and twenty‐four children received vitamin D3; and 229 received placebo. There was no significant difference in the mean number of days to recovery between the vitamin D3 (4.74 days; SD 2.22) and placebo arms (4.98 days; SD 2.89; P = 0.17). The risk of a repeat episode of pneumonia within 90 days of supplementation was lower in the intervention (92/204; 45%) than the placebo group [122/211; (58%; relative risk 0.78; 95% CI 0.64, 0.94; P = 0.01]. Children in the vitamin D3 group survived longer without experiencing a repeat episode (72 days vs. 59 days; HR 0.71; 95% CI 0.53–0.95; P = 0.02).
Conclusion A single high‐dose oral vitamin D3 supplementation to young children along with antibiotic treatment for pneumonia could reduce the occurrence of repeat episodes of pneumonia.
Is ventilator-associated pneumonia in trauma patients an epiphenomenon or a cause of death?
Louis J Magnotti, Martin A Croce, Timothy C Fabian
Surgical infections 5 (3), 237-242, 2004
Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common infection among patients in trauma intensive care units (ICUs). It has been suggested by different investigators that VAP is an indicator of injury severity and not necessarily associated with mortality. Crude mortality rates approximating 20% have been reported for trauma patients with VAP. Most studies have involved the most severely injured patients, making it difficult to determine the relative contribution of either VAP or injury severity to death. If VAP is independently associated with mortality, this relationship should be most evident in less severely injured patients. We studied patients with less severe injuries (Injury Severity Score, ISS < 25) to determine the impact of VAP on outcomes.
Methods: Patients admitted to the trauma ICU with ISS < 25 were identified from the trauma registry of a level I trauma center. Patients with penetrating injuries and those who died within 48 h of injury were excluded. Pneumonia was diagnosed using quantitative cultures of bronchoalveolar lavage effluent (≥ 105 colony forming units/mL). Risk factors for VAP, including age, transfusions with 24 h of admission, brain injury, and chest injury severity were analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was then performed to determine independent factors for death.Results: There were 15,492 blunt admissions over a 5.5 year study period who survived >48 h. Of these, 5,860 (38%) were admitted to the ICU, and 4,111 (70% of ICU admissions) had ISS < 25. The incidence of VAP in this group was 8%. Patients with VAP were older (47 vs 39 years), had more transfusions within 24 h (2.5 vs 0.9 units of red blood cell concentrates) and had greater injury severity by ISS (16.7 vs 12.6 points), GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale) score (11.8 vs. 13.7 points) and chest AIS (Abbreviated Injury Scale) (1.7 vs 0.9 points; all p < 0.001). Overall mortality was 4%. Mortality was 16% in patients with VAP compared to 3% in those without VAP (p < 0.0001). Logistic regression analysis identified transfusions, age, and VAP as independent predictors of mortality. Other descriptors of injury severity (ISS, GCS, or chest AIS) were not associated with death.
Results: There were 15,492 blunt admissions over a 5.5 year study period who survived . 48 h. Of these, 5,860 (38%) were admitted to the ICU, and 4,111 (70% of ICU admissions) had ISS , 25. The incidence of VAP in this group was 8%. Patients with VAP were older (47 vs 39 years), had more transfusions within 24 h (2.5 vs 0.9 units of red blood cell concentrates) and had greater injury severity by ISS (16.7 vs 12.6 points), GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale) score (11.8 vs. 13.7 points) and chest AIS (Abbreviated Injury Scale) (1.7 vs 0.9 points; all p , 0.001). Overall mortality was 4%. Mortality was 16% in patients with VAP compared to 3% in those without VAP (p , 0.0001). Logistic regression analysis identified transfusions, age, and VAP as independent predictors of mortality. Other descriptors of injury severity (ISS, GCS, or chest AIS) were not associated with death.
Conclusions: Ventilator-associated pneumonia is independently associated with death in less severely injured trauma patients. This demonstrates the need for effective diagnostic techniques so that adequate therapy may be initiated. Prevention of VAP in less severely injured trauma patients should increase survival.
Vitamin D Status and Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Abstract
Objective
To investigate the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level and history of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).
Patients and Methods
We identified 16,975 individuals (≥17 years) from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) with documented 25(OH)D levels. To investigate the association of 25(OH)D with history of CAP in these participants, we developed a multivariable logistic regression model, adjusting for demographic factors (age, sex, race, poverty-to-income ratio, and geographic location), clinical data (body mass index, smoking status, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, stroke, chronic kidney disease, neutropenia, and alcohol consumption), and season. Locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS) was used to depict the relationship between increasing 25(OH)D levels and the cumulative frequency of CAP in the study cohort.
Results
The median [interquartile range (IQR)] serum 25(OH)D level was 24 (IQR 18–32) ng/mL. 2.1% [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.9–2.3] of participants reported experiencing a CAP within one year of their participation in the national survey. After adjusting for demographic factors, clinical data, and season, 25(OH)D levels <30 ng/mL were associated with 56% higher odds of CAP [odds ratio 1.56; 95% confidence interval: 1.17–2.07] compared to levels ≥30 ng/mL. LOWESS analysis revealed a near linear relationship between vitamin D status and the cumulative frequency of CAP up to 25(OH)D levels around 30 ng/mL.
Conclusion
Among 16,975 participants in NHANES III, 25(OH)D levels were inversely associated with history of CAP. Randomized controlled trials are warranted to determine the effect of optimizing vitamin D status on the risk of CAP.
Vitamin D Status and Acute Respiratory Infection: Cross Sectional Results From the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2006
Dominique J Monlezun 1 2 , Edward A Bittner 3 4 , Kenneth B Christopher 5 6 , Carlos A Camargo 7 8 9 , Sadeq A Quraishi 10 11
Affiliations
Abstract
- PMID: 25781219
- PMCID: PMC4377891
- DOI: 10.3390/nu7031933
Vitamin D is a promising, though under-explored, potential modifiable risk factor for acute respiratory infections (ARIs). We sought to investigate the association of vitamin D status with ARI in a large, nationally-representative sample of non-institutionalized individuals from the United States. We analyzed 14,108 individuals over 16 years of age in the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES) 2001-2006 in this cross-sectional study. We used locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS) to depict the relationship between increasing 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels and ARI. We then performed a multivariable regression analysis to investigate the association of 25OHD levels with ARI, while adjusting for known confounders. The median serum 25OHD level was 21 (IQR 15-27) ng/mL. Overall, 4.8% (95% CI: 4.5-5.2) of participants reported an ARI within 30 days before their participation in the national survey. LOWESS analysis revealed a near-linear relationship between vitamin D status and the cumulative frequency of ARI up to 25OHD levels around 30 ng/mL. After adjusting for season, demographic factors, and clinical data, 25OHD levels <30 ng/mL were associated with 58% higher odds of ARI (OR 1.58; 95% CI: 1.07-2.33) compared to levels ≥30 ng/mL. Among the 14,108 participants in NHANES 2001-2006, 25OHD levels were inversely associated with ARI. Carefully designed, randomized, controlled trials are warranted to determine the effect of optimizing vitamin D status on the risk of ARI
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Procalcitonin as Prognostic Biomarker in Patients with Ventilator Associated Pneumonia Complicated with Vitamin D Deficiency
Abstract
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common and serious problem that develops after more than 48 h of mechanical ventilation. Improving the activity of immune system with vitamin D, and its consequent impact on prognostic biomarkers of VAP was studied in the current study.
A randomized double blind placebo controlled clinical trial was designed. A total of 46 patients with VAP, who were suffering from vitamin D deficiency, were randomly allocated into the study groups of placebo (n=22) and treatment (n=24) The treatment group received 300,000 units of intramuscular vitamin D. Serum levels of procalcitonin and vitamin D along with SOFA and CPIS scores were determined at baseline and on day 7 after intervention. The mortality rate of patients was also monitored for the succeeding 28 days after the injection.
The administration of vitamin D significantly enhanced its levels (P<0.0001) in the treated patients (12.28 ± 8.26) in comparison to placebo group (1.15 ± 1.50). The levels of PCT were significantly decreased (p=0.001) in the treatment group (– 0.02 ± 0.59 ng/mL) compared to that of placebo group (0.68 ± 1.03 ng/mL). However, changes in (SOFA) and CPIS scores were not significantly different between study groups (p=0.63 and p=0.32, respectively). Interestingly, the mortality rate of patients in the treatment group (5/24) was significantly lower (p=0.04) than that of the placebo group (11/22).
In conclusion, our results indicate that vitamin D supplementation can significantly reduce the procalcitonin in (VAP) patients, and must be considered as a preventive and/or therapeutic strategy.
Key Words: Procalcitonin, VAP, CPIS score, SOFA score, Vitamin D
Vitamin D Level Is Associated With Mortality Predictors in Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Caused by Acinetobacter Baumannii
Murat Haliloglu 1 , Beliz Bilgili, Ozlem Haliloglu, Dilek Gogas Yavuz, Ismail Cinel
Affiliations
Abstract
- PMID: 27367004
- DOI: 10.3855/jidc.8206
Introduction: Vitamin D plays a role in host defense and is known to be associated with mortality in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). We aimed to evaluate the relationships between vitamin D levels and predictors of mortality in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumanii (XDR A. baumanii).
Methodology: A retrospective single-center study was conducted in an 18-bed adult ICU of a teaching hospital, including all patients with VAP due to XDR A. baumanii. Levels of 25(OH)D, procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), n-terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP), as well as clinical scores (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment [SOFA], Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation [APACHE II], Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score [CPIS) were recorded.
Results: Forty-for patients were studied over six months. All patients had vitamin D deficiency. The 28-day mortality in patients with 25(OH)D levels ≤ 10 ng/mL was higher than in patients with 25(OH)D > 10ng/mL (p = 0.001). The fourth- and seventh-day SOFA scores (p= 0.04 and p= 0.001) and first- and fourth-day procalcitonin levels (p = 0.03 and p = 0.004) were higher in patients with 25(OH)D levels ≤ 10 ng/mL. The clinical scores (SOFA, CPIS, and CEPPIS) and biomarkers (NT-proBNP, PCT) were negatively correlated with 25(OH)D levels in all study groups.
Conclusions: Severe vitamin D deficiency was associated with adverse outcome in VAP due to XDR A. baumanii. Vitamin D levels may be a prognostic predictor of VAP. It is also important to evaluate the effect of rapid vitamin D replacement on mortality
Vitamin D status in South Korean military personnel with acute eosinophilic pneumonia: a pilot study
Byung Woo Jhun, Se Jin Kim, Kang Kim, Ji Eun Lee, Duck Jin Hong
Tuberculosis and respiratory diseases 78 (3), 232-238, 2015
Background
A relationship between low vitamin D levels and the development or outcomes of respiratory diseases has been identified. However, there is no data on the vitamin D status in patients with acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP). We evaluated the vitamin D status in patients with AEP among South Korean military personnel.
Methods
We prospectively compared the serum levels of total 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25 (OH) D], 25 (OH) D3, and 25 (OH) D2 among patients with AEP, pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).
Results
In total, 65 patients with respiratory diseases, including AEP (n= 24), PTB (n= 19), and CAP (n= 22), were identified. Of the 24 patients with AEP, 2 (8%) had deficient total 25 (OH) D levels (< 10 ng/mL), 17 (71%) had insufficient total 25 (OH) D levels (≥ 10 to< 30 ng/mL), and only 5 (21%) had sufficient total 25 (OH) D levels (≥ 30 to< 100 ng/mL). The difference in the total 25 (OH) D levels among patients with AEP, PTB, and CAP was not statistically significant (p= 0.230). The median levels of total 25 (OH) D, 25 (OH) D3, and 25 (OH) D2 were 22.84, 22.84, and 0.00 ng/mL, respectively, and no differences in the 25 (OH) D level were present among patients with AEP, PTB, and CAP with the exception of the total 25 (OH) D level between patients with AEP and PTB (p= 0.042).
Conclusion
We have shown that low vitamin D levels are frequently found in patients with AEP and are comparable with those in patients with PTB and CAP.
Vitamin D deficiency does not result in a breach of host defense in murine models of pneumonia
Julia Niederstrasser, Christian Herr, Lisa Wolf, Claus M Lehr, Christoph Beisswenger, Robert Bals
Infection and immunity 84 (11), 3097-3104, 2016
Vitamin D (VitD) has a role in the regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism and in addition impacts the activity of the immune system. VitD deficiency might be linked to increased susceptibility to respiratory tract infection. The aim of the present study was to characterize the impact of VitD deficiency on the susceptibility to bacterial infection in murine models. C57BL/6N mice were fed a diet with or without VitD for 10 weeks. The VitD-deficient or -sufficient mice were infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Streptococcus pneumoniae. The colonization and inflammatory response in the lung were analyzed at defined time points. The serum 25-hydroxy-VitD concentration was significantly lower in mice on the VitD-deficient diet. In infection experiments with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Streptococcus pneumoniae, no differences could be observed in the numbers of viable bacteria or in differential cell counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. Measurements of inflammatory cytokines (KC and interleukin-1β [IL-1β]) did not show significant differences between the groups. In conclusion, VitD-deficient animals did not show significantly increased susceptibility to infection or an altered course of infection. The immune systems of humans and mice likely respond differently to VitD. Murine models are likely not appropriate for drawing conclusions on the role of VitD in human pulmonary host defense.
Pulmonary activation of vitamin D3 and preventive effect against interstitial pneumonia
Ichiro Tsujino, Ryoko Ushikoshi-Nakayama, Tomoe Yamazaki, Naoyuki Matsumoto, Ichiro Saito
Journal of clinical biochemistry and nutrition 65 (3), 245-251, 2019
Calcitriol [1, 25 (OH) 2 D 3] is usually investigated in studies on the preventive effect of activated vitamin D against interstitial pneumonia. Although cholecalciferol (vitamin D 3) can be easily obtained in the diet and has a longer half-life than calcitriol, there have been few investigations of its effect on interstitial pneumonia. We used human pulmonary fibroblast cell lines (HPFCs) and a mouse model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis to evaluate whether vitamin D 3 was activated in the lungs and had a preventive effect against interstitial pneumonia. Expression of the vitamin D receptor gene and genes for enzymes metabolizing vitamin D was evaluated in two HPFCs, and the suppressive effect of vitamin D 3 on induction of inflammatory cytokines was also assessed. Gene expression of the vitamin D receptor and vitamin D-metabolizing enzymes was observed in both human pulmonary fibroblast cell lines. Vitamin D 3 suppressed bleomycin-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines and fibrosis markers by the HPFCs. In mice, symptoms of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis were improved and expression of fibrosis markers/fibrosis inducers was decreased by a high vitamin D 3 diet. Vitamin D 3 is activated locally in lung tissues, suggesting that high dietary intake of vitamin D 3 may have a preventive effect against interstitial pneumonia.
Prevention effect of thymosin-alpha1 aganist early ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with mechanical ventilation
SS Zhang, K Li, YH Wang, BN Ye, Y Pan, XQ Shi
Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban= Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition 46 (6), 957-959, 2015
To investigate the preventive effects of thymosin-alpha1 against early ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in the patients with mechanical ventilation. Fifty two patients with expectancy of mechanical ventilation over 48 h were divided into routine therapy group (n= 26) and thymosin therapy group (n= 26) in random. The patients in routine therapy group were given intensive care unit (ICU) conventional treatment, and the patients in thymosin therapy group were given thymosin treatment additionally (1.6 mg subcutaneous injection, qd X 7 d). The incidence and occurrence time of VAP were observed, and the time of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay were recorded. The levels of CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocyte, CD14+ mononuclear cell human leukocyte antigens-DR (CD14+ HLA-DR) and procalcitonin (PCT) were detected before mechanical ventilation and at the 3d and 7th d after mechanical ventilation. The base line including the level of immunologic function had no difference between the two groups (P> 0.05). The incidence of VAP in thymosin therapy group was lower than that in routine therapy group, but it was not significant difference (P> 0.05). The durations of machine ventilation and ICU stay in thymosin therapy group were shorter than those in routine therapy group (P< 0.05). The occurrence time of VAP in thymosin therapy group was significantly later than that in routine therapy group (P< 0.05). At the 3rd and 7th d after mechanical ventilation, thymosin therapy group achived higher levels of CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocyte and CD14+ HLA-DR than routine therapy group did (P< 0.05). Thymosinal may be able to improve immunologic function and prevent the incidence of early VAP in the patients with mechanical ventilation.
Cholecalciferol, Ergosterol, and Cholesterol Enhance the Antibiotic Activity of Drugs
Jacqueline C Andrade, Maria Flaviana B Morais Braga, Gláucia Morgana M Guedes, Saulo R Tintino, Maria A Freitas, Lucindo J Quintans Jr, Irwin RA Menezes, Henrique DM Coutinho
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 2019
Background:
This is the first report demonstrating the antibiotic-modifying activity of cholecalciferol.
Aim:
In this study, cholecalciferol was evaluated against multiresistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli.
Methods:
The antibacterial and modulatory effects of cholecalciferol, ergosterol, and cholesterol (8–512 μg/mL) were evaluated by microdilution assay against multiresistant bacterial strains.
Results:
Cholecalciferol, when combined with aminoglycosides, was more effective against P. aeruginosa, reducing the concentration of amikacin and gentamicin necessary to inhibit bacterial growth from 156.25 to 39.06 μg/mL and from 39.06 to 9.76 μg/mL, respectively. It is possible that cholecalciferol, due to its lipid-soluble nature, had a lipophilic interaction with the cell membrane, enhancing antibiotic uptake. Cholesterol and ergosterol were used to see if the mechanism of action of cholecalciferol was similar to that of these lipid compounds. Ergosterol and cholesterol increased aminoglycoside activity, where the effect was greater with higher subinhibitory concentration of sterol.
Conclusions:
There is no reported study on the use of cholesterol and ergosterol as modulators of antibiotics or any other drug, making this the first study in this area highlighting the interaction between cholesterol, ergosterol, and cholecalciferol with regard to modifying aminoglycoside activity.
Vitamin D status is associated with treatment failure and duration of illness in Nepalese children with severe pneumonia
Johanne Haugen, Sudha Basnet, Ingrid M Hardang, Arun Sharma, Maria Mathisen, Prakash Shrestha, Palle Valentiner-Branth, Tor A Strand
Pediatric research 82 (6), 986-993, 2017
Background
There is no consensus on optimal Vitamin D status. The objective of this study was to estimate the extent to which vitamin D status predicts illness duration and treatment failure in children with severe pneumonia by using different cutoffs for vitamin D concentration.
Methods
We measured the plasma concentration of 25 (OH) D in 568 children hospitalized with World Health Organization-defined severe pneumonia. The associations between vitamin D status, using the most frequently used cutoffs for vitamin D insufficiency (25 (OH) D< 50 and< 75 nmol/l), and risk for treatment failure and time until recovery were analyzed in multiple logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models, respectively.
Results
Of the 568 children, 322 (56.7%) had plasma 25 (OH) D levels≥ 75 nmol/l, 179 (31.5%) had levels of 50–74.9 nmol/l, and 67 (%) had levels< 50 nmol/l. Plasma 25 (OH) D< 50 nmol/l was associated with increased risk for treatment failure and longer time until recovery.
Conclusion
Our findings indicate that low vitamin D status (25 (OH) D< 50 nmol/l) is an independent risk factor for treatment failure and delayed recovery from severe lower respiratory infections in children.