PeskyPeater
Member
In the case of bipolar disorder treatment and improving brain structure, uridine seems effective. I've used 1gram per day to improve my brain and visual processing.
study: Short-term administration of uridine increases brain membrane phospholipids precursors in healthy adults: a 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy study at 4T
This study demonstrates how a noninvasive technique such as 31P-MRS can be employed to understand enzymatic regulation of phospholipid metabolism in vivo. Uridine was recently shown to be an effective antidepressant in rat models of depression, and patients with bipolar depression might benefit from uridine (25). Jensen et al. (38) investigated bioenergetic effects of triacetyluridine (TAU), a uridine prodrug, in patients with bipolar depression. In this six-week study, patients who responded positively to treatment (≥ 50% reduction in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale score) were found to have increased brain pH with respect to patients who did not respond to treatment. These authors argued that TAU ameliorated mitochondrial function in bipolar disorder by supporting oxidative rather than anaerobic respiration, resulting in increased pH in treatment responders (39). Cytidine, another pyrimidine nucleoside, is converted to uridine in the human gut (18). In a 1H-MRS study, cytidine effectively reduced glutamate/glutamine ratio in patients with bipolar depression in the anterior cingulate cortex with improvement of symptoms, suggesting supplementary action of pyrimidine nucleosides in improving glial and mitochondrial health (28). Reductions in brain glutamate, a weak organic acid, would lead to an increase in pH.
study: Short-term administration of uridine increases brain membrane phospholipids precursors in healthy adults: a 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy study at 4T
This study demonstrates how a noninvasive technique such as 31P-MRS can be employed to understand enzymatic regulation of phospholipid metabolism in vivo. Uridine was recently shown to be an effective antidepressant in rat models of depression, and patients with bipolar depression might benefit from uridine (25). Jensen et al. (38) investigated bioenergetic effects of triacetyluridine (TAU), a uridine prodrug, in patients with bipolar depression. In this six-week study, patients who responded positively to treatment (≥ 50% reduction in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale score) were found to have increased brain pH with respect to patients who did not respond to treatment. These authors argued that TAU ameliorated mitochondrial function in bipolar disorder by supporting oxidative rather than anaerobic respiration, resulting in increased pH in treatment responders (39). Cytidine, another pyrimidine nucleoside, is converted to uridine in the human gut (18). In a 1H-MRS study, cytidine effectively reduced glutamate/glutamine ratio in patients with bipolar depression in the anterior cingulate cortex with improvement of symptoms, suggesting supplementary action of pyrimidine nucleosides in improving glial and mitochondrial health (28). Reductions in brain glutamate, a weak organic acid, would lead to an increase in pH.