Amazoniac
Member
Guru, poison A has multiple chances to be regulated before it acts on tissues, this coordinated effect that you're describing requires more than just the all-trans poisonoic acid (the heterodimers), so (indeed) you have to go pharma to override these. But people here are experiencing issues from low quantities of carotenoids that barely have a direct effect on gene expression: it's broader.@Amazoniac
Genetic deletion of Cyp26b1 negatively impacts limb skeletogenesis by inhibiting chondrogenesis
Regulation of retinoic acid distribution is required for proximodistal patterning and outgrowth of the developing mouse limb. - PubMed - NCBI
RA seems to control the speed of the cell cycle of chondrocytes from immature to fully-differentiate ones, or at least between pre-hypertrophy and hypertrophy and then transition to differentiation (resource sufficiency) as well as to apoptosis (resource shortfall due to growth factor dependency and/or other).
In other words, RA spins the cell cycle and determines the health of the resulting cells, like a gatekeeper: it grows healthy cells but helps terminate unhealthy ones and unchecked growth. Too much RA tends to stall growth, but not in all cases, not least due to the complexity of our limbs. It matches the classical view that RA generally aims for a stable differentiated state, even if it promotes some growth to get there.
This means that: in disease states of decreased proliferation (non-immune), RA may impede recovery even whether or not it is in excess (but obviously worse in excess, unless the other factor is worse); in disease states of excessive proliferation, RA can be useful as a pharmacological therapy and may be deficient; but the state in which high RA signaling is meant to be safe and good or signal for is the state of good health - sufficient resources and sufficient cell proliferation and growth - because RA helps you achieve faster and maintain your state, whatever that may be (with some complications along the immune system). It becomes harder to heal as we age and lose growth hormone, which is coincidentally involved with cartilage and joint repair. As an adult, you want growth hormone or some (partial) stand-in like DHEA, along with all cofactors involved in RA synthesis including NAD.
If things are growing, RA helps them finish sooner; otherwise it maintains the state you're currently in[, unless you so far as to trigger apoptosis via p53 and friends] - with possible exceptions for the immune system, where it gets complicated: in principle CYP26 while processing RA may lower available NADPH for other pathways, leading to lower kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO) since it requires NADPH, increasing kynurenine, which stimulates T-cells and can lead to autoimmunity (in addition, kynurenine interferes with muscle growth because it cannot fully substitute for tryptophan yet participates in that signaling anyway - high kynurenine and low tryptophan stalls growth of muscle cells). This may completely explain L-methylfolate's success: it can help regenerate NADPH as well as oppose the effects of RA on GNMT (growth hormone also does this) and allow methylation to increase - all of which counters RA. Coincidentally, carnitine (a heavily methylated product) is important to chondrocyte and other structural cell proliferation because it allows them to grow slowly but surely on a substrate of fat during the night. That's the time of day when the skeleton has the most leeway to grow, but it seems unlikely it can do it on carbs alone because the liver has to feed the brain all throughout the night (which you can partially offset with ketones). In a natural setting you need methylation to temporarily help make tissues especially skeletal more dependent on fat for slow but sufficient nighttime growth.
(Several links omitted because I already posted them once or more)
[On top of that, NADPH itself is known to participate in fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis, so very high RA may drain NADPH and wreck both and even other anabolic pathways; one theoretical consequence of this is a deficiency of lipid rafts, used in immune defense]
Regarding degradation, for it to be significant, you also have to be consuming or using from reserves large amounts. I think that the internal metabolism is more demanding on nutrients than degrading it (CYP26, etc.) because it can cycle multiple times and amplify the dose (as if thee was ingesting way more), whereas once it's converted to poisonoic acid, there isn't much to do with it anymore after it acts on tissues, making it easier to predict the imposition on degradation because it should be no more than what's being eaten if everything else seems stable (the simplified steady state that they often mention). It will be either the extreme ingestion or extraordinary utilization by mobilizing from stores, but degradation is still operating as it should in these cases, it's something else that needs to be addressed to normalize it.
Has you read this post?L-methylfolate's success: it can help regenerate NADPH as well as oppose the effects of RA on GNMT (growth hormone also does this) and allow methylation to increase - all of which counters RA.