Iron, Anemia And Hepcidin In Malaria

[Hugh Johnson]

Malaria and iron have a complex but important relationship. Plasmodium proliferation requires iron, both during the clinically silent liver stage of growth and in the disease-associated phase of erythrocyte infection. Precisely how the protozoan acquires its iron from its mammalian host remains unclear, but iron chelators can inhibit pathogen growth in vitro and in animal models. In humans, iron deficiency appears to protect against severe malaria, while iron supplementation increases risks of infection and disease. Malaria itself causes profound disturbances in physiological iron distribution and utilization, through mechanisms that include hemolysis, release of heme, dyserythropoiesis, anemia, deposition of iron in macrophages, and inhibition of dietary iron absorption. These effects have significant consequences. Malarial anemia is a major global health problem, especially in children, that remains incompletely understood and is not straightforward to treat. Furthermore, the changes in iron metabolism during a malaria infection may modulate susceptibility to co-infections. The release of heme and accumulation of iron in granulocytes may explain increased vulnerability to non-typhoidal Salmonella during malaria. The redistribution of iron away from hepatocytes and into macrophages may confer host resistance to superinfection, whereby blood-stage parasitemia prevents the development of a second liver-stage Plasmodium infection in the same organism. Key to understanding the pathophysiology of iron metabolism in malaria is the activity of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin. Hepcidin is upregulated during blood-stage parasitemia and likely mediates much of the iron redistribution that accompanies disease. Understanding the regulation and role of hepcidin may offer new opportunities to combat malaria and formulate better approaches to treat anemia in the developing world.
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Iron, anemia and hepcidin in malaria

 

[dannibo]

I don't mean to be curt mate, but every pathogen seems to follow the mundane exploration of so called virologists, breaking down the relationships between the pathogen and the total bollocks therin. It persists like a sore tooth. There are no virologists worth their salt except some who have to keep quiet for fear of assassination so all in all there basically are none. Malaria is cured in four hours with 8 drops of MMS is Chlorine dioxide. It is cured completely. The only reason this is not in vogue is because of the criminality of govts colluding with Pharma. They have billions waiting for them in so called vaccines. They will inflict this on populations worldwide when the simple truth is Chlorine dioxide wipes Malaria from the body with no side effects and in only four hours.