Nicotine Increases Neural Response To Unpleasant Stimuli And Anxiety In Non-smokers

[Drareg]

"Participants reported higher state anxiety under nicotine than placebo. A single dose of nicotine acted as a stressor in non-smokers, leading to increased anxiety and neural activation elicited by unpleasant stimuli as well as altered connectivity within the amygdala-pACC circuit. Besides the possibility that reactions to nicotine may differ between non-smokers and smokers due to tolerance and neuroadaptive processes that occur during prolonged nicotine use, a priori differences in smokers and non-smokers might potentially explain diverse effects of nicotine on affect and emotional reactivity".



Nicotine increases neural response to unpleasant stimuli and anxiety in non-smokers. - PubMed - NCBI

 

[Dopamine]

I could throw a bunch of studies at you that show caffeine increases anxiety...

 

[Hugh Johnson]

"Participants reported higher state anxiety under nicotine than placebo. A single dose of nicotine acted as a stressor in non-smokers, leading to increased anxiety and neural activation elicited by unpleasant stimuli as well as altered connectivity within the amygdala-pACC circuit. Besides the possibility that reactions to nicotine may differ between non-smokers and smokers due to tolerance and neuroadaptive processes that occur during prolonged nicotine use, a priori differences in smokers and non-smokers might potentially explain diverse effects of nicotine on affect and emotional reactivity".



Nicotine increases neural response to unpleasant stimuli and anxiety in non-smokers. - PubMed - NCBI

"indicating that nicotine acts within the brain to release prolactin. "
Acute effects of nicotine on prolactin release in the rat: agonist and antagonist effects of a single injection of nicotine. - PubMed - NCBI

Seems right.

 

[Drareg]

"indicating that nicotine acts within the brain to release prolactin. "
Acute effects of nicotine on prolactin release in the rat: agonist and antagonist effects of a single injection of nicotine. - PubMed - NCBI

Seems right.

Nice find, worth posting as a study with its own thread if you have time.

Many of the older isolated nicotine studies show interesting results.

 

[Hugh Johnson]

Just figured it supported your study.

 

[Drareg]

Just figured it supported your study.

The half life of 1 to 2 hours of nicotine I would guess is causing a lot of issues, if benzodiazepines had a half life of 1 to 2 hours for example it would be a disaster.

 

[Dopamine]

"indicating that nicotine acts within the brain to release prolactin. "
Acute effects of nicotine on prolactin release in the rat: agonist and antagonist effects of a single injection of nicotine. - PubMed - NCBI

Seems right.

From the study:

"A single i.v. injection of nicotine resulted in desensitization of the prolactin response to a subsequent injection of nicotine given 1 to 2 hr later, thus confirming a previous report by Sharp and Beyer (J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 238: 486-491, 1986). The prolactin response to nicotine was restored within 24 hr after a single injection."

So acute nicotine increases prolactin but chronic nicotine severely decreases it... The study ultimately concluded that nicotine is an antagonist of prolactin (as long as dosing happens several times a day): "These results support the concept that nicotine acts as a time-averaged antagonist."

Acute nicotine administration stimulates prolactin release (Wilkins et al., 1982; Rasmussen, 1995). However, serum prolactin levels are significantly lower in both male and female chronic smokers who smoke more than 10 cigarettes per day (Andersen et al., 1984). This apparent discrepancy could be explained by a similar mechanism to that with ACTH (Fuxe et al., 1989).

You can buy extended release nicotine products which would make the half life problem mute... if you even consider it a problem- you can carry around a vaporiser and just vape nicotine several times a day... its really not hard- heck you might enjoy it

 

[DaveFoster]

And the war continues.

Context matters.

 

[Dopamine]

And the war continues.

Context matters.

Haha yep and context definetly matters as with any drug.

 

[Drareg]

From the study:

"A single i.v. injection of nicotine resulted in desensitization of the prolactin response to a subsequent injection of nicotine given 1 to 2 hr later, thus confirming a previous report by Sharp and Beyer (J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 238: 486-491, 1986). The prolactin response to nicotine was restored within 24 hr after a single injection."

So acute nicotine increases prolactin but chronic nicotine severely decreases it... The study ultimately concluded that nicotine is an antagonist of prolactin (as long as dosing happens several times a day): "These results support the concept that nicotine acts as a time-averaged antagonist."



You can buy extended release nicotine products which would make the half life problem mute... if you even consider it a problem- you can carry around a vaporiser and just vape nicotine several times a day.

No it doesn't render the half life problem mute, your answer is to chronically administer nicotine rendering you addicted and susceptible to withdrawals.

Sucking on and Carrying round a nicotine tin whistle all day is not going to be for everyone. They are currently being banned in many workplaces for obvious reasons.

 

[Drareg]

And the war continues.

Context matters.

There is no war, it's a discussion in an open thread.
Vague cheerleading brings nothing to it.

 

[Dopamine]

No it doesn't render the half life problem mute, your answer is to chronically administer nicotine rendering you addicted and susceptible to withdrawals.

Sucking on and Carrying round a nicotine tin whistle all day is not going to be for everyone. They are currently being banned in many workplaces for obvious reasons.

I think chronic administration of nicotine is no different than chronic administration of caffeine... Both are tools used to adapt to perceived stress. dependency to either will end in withdrawals. It has been pointed out by many on this forum that they have been more addicted to daily coffee with subsequent withdrawals than to nicotine. E-cigs are being banned in some workplaces for associations between nicotine and cigarettes ie second hand smoke... this is a ridiculous and ignorant association...

Assuming nicotine has a half life of 2 hours you would need to vape 4-5 times per day which isn't bad... how many people drink coffee more than 4 times per day? Vape in the morning before work, in the afternoon after work... and twice at work. You should get a lunch break and coffee break at work where you could use nicotine twice more... Anyways just because it wouldn't work for your situation doesn't mean you can disregard its usefulness.

There is no war, it's a discussion in an open thread.
Vague cheerleading brings nothing to it.

I wouldn't say it's a war so much as a personal vendetta... every thread I post you follow with 2 more to try to prove me wrong. After I posted threads on nicotines antidepressant properties you posted about 4 trying to prove that nicotine makes women act like men, shrinks a dudes penis size, causes sexual dysfunction etc:

Nicotine effects penis: Nicotine Effects Penis Relaxation Of Retractor Muscle

Nicotine reduces erectile response: Nicotine Reduces Erectile Response In Nonsmoking Males

Nicotine Caused Females to Behave like Males:Nicotine Caused Females To Behave Like Males

You have also drawn many unwarranted comparisons of nicotine to cocaine in other threads...
You are obviously trying to scare people away from the topic. This is like how priests told children that if they masturbate their dong will fall off and they'll go blind. Nicotines effects on sexual response is from acute prolactin which I have already explained can be avoided... the females acting like the males thing was a ridiculous study to begin with that you just threw your own interpretations over.

 

[Drareg]

I think chronic administration of nicotine is no different than chronic administration of caffeine... Both are tools used to adapt to perceived stress. dependency to either will end in withdrawals. It has been pointed out by many on this forum that they have been more addicted to daily coffee with subsequent withdrawals than to nicotine. E-cigs are being banned in some workplaces for associations between nicotine and cigarettes ie second hand smoke... this is a ridiculous and ignorant association...

assuming nicotine has a half life of 2 hours you would need to vape 4-5 times per day which isn't bad... how many people drink coffee more than 4 times per day? Vape in the morning before work, in the afternoon after work... and twice at work. You should get a lunch break and coffee break at work where you could use nicotine twice more... Anyways just because it wouldn't work for your situation doesn't mean you can disregard its usefulness.

Your opinions and comparisons are your own, their also cherry picked.

Many on the forum point out how they don't get withdrawals from coffee.

E cigarettes are being banned because they do have vapour/smoke coming from them, it's not just water coming out of them, it's you who is being ignorant not seeing this. Research is currently underway to establish this,it's ignorant to claim it's fine in the meantime when it's clear a large amount of vape is exhaled each time.
Many businesses don't want people sucking on a pipe and exhaling a huge puff of vape while working for obvious reasons, should be ok if your in Amsterdam or hookah pipe shop.

All this is like the early days of smoking cigarettes as recommended by a Doctor, you could smoke on an aeroplane during those times, Doctor would even smoke while examining you.

Millions of people worldwide drink less than 4 cups of coffee per day,the same can't be said for e cigarettes and regular cigarettes.

Many people don't get lunch breaks these days, your schedule for vaping means some will eat less during the day, pull out your tin whistle several times per day, your colleagues will mistake you for the pied piper.

Half life of 1-2 hours at best makes it a poor adaptogen, added to fact it's a hdac inhibitor.
Vaping as per you recommendations will have people climbing the walls when they can't vape during busy stressful periods.

 

[Dopamine]

-Again context matters
-You don't need to get nicotine from vaping there is topical absorption, gums, patches etc...
-Just because it wouldn't work for you doesn't mean you should shut it down by slandering the idea of it.
-Why do you care so much about nicotine being an HDAC inhibitor? Caffeine and niacinamide are HDAC inhibitors as well... Whats the big deal? HDAC inhibiton is not what makes substances addictive as far as i'm aware...

Nicotine can be harmful in certain contexts... Nicotine can be helpful in certain contexts...

 

[Drareg]

-Again context matters
-You don't need to get nicotine from vaping there is topical absorption, gums, patches etc...
-Just because it wouldn't work for you doesn't mean you should shut it down by slandering the idea of it.
-Why do you care so much about nicotine being an HDAC inhibitor? Caffeine and niacinamide are HDAC inhibitors as well... Whats the big deal? HDAC inhibiton is not what makes substances addictive as far as i'm aware...

Nicotine can be harmful in certain contexts... Nicotine can be helpful in certain contexts...

Cocaine/alcohol can be harmful in certain contexts... Cocaine/alcohol can be helpful in certain contexts. Similar logic to yours,makes no sense when put into general context.

Bringing balance to your biased nicotine threads is more important, slandering is what you have done in several previous posts.

Many things act as a hdac inhibitor ,the same with methylation , the problem is with activators like nicotine that only last 1 to 2 hours sending someone into withdrawals when they don't get the hit. If you don't understand it go learn about it.

Enjoy your prolactin hit before the gym unless your a regular user of course.