“Lf improved the cognitive function as indicated by behavioral tests including nesting behavior test, novel object recognition test, and the Morris water maze test. It also increased the length and curvature of postsynaptic density as observed with a transmission electron microscope and upregulated the related protein expression, suggesting the improvement of the hippocampal neurons and synapses. Lf suppressed microglia activation and proliferation as revealed by immunouorescence analysis. It decreased the serum levels of pro- inammatory cytokines and downregulated their protein expressions in the hippocampus region. Lf also inhibited the activation of NF‐κB/NLRP3 inammasomes in the hippocampus. Meanwhile, WD impaired gut permeability and induced gut dysbiosis. Lf upregulated the expression of tight junction proteins, and increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes at phylum and Roseburia at genus, bothare benecial for anti- obesity, gut barrier, and cognitive function. The antibiotics supplemented in the Lf+AB group eliminated the effects of long-term Lf intervention on cognitive impairment, suggesting that gut microbiota participated in Lf action. The 2-week Lf intervention prevented WD-induced gut microbiota alteration without inducing behavioral changes; these ndings supported the timing sequence of gut microbiota to the brain. In Conclusion, our ndings demonstrated that Lf intervention alleviated cognitive impairment by inhibiting microglial activation and neuroinammation through the microbiome-gut-brain axis.”
HED was ~40mg/kg
HED was ~40mg/kg