crazypatriot
Member
- Joined
- Oct 19, 2020
- Messages
- 52
Copper Increases Thyroid Health
Serum Copper levels associated with higher Free T4
Exploring the role of copper and selenium in the maintenance of normal thyroid function among healthy Koreans
Thyroid hormone stimulates release of liver copper as ceruloplasmin
Serum copper as a novel biomarker for resistance to thyroid hormone
Copper Increases free and total t4
Thyroid Function and Serum Copper, Selenium, and Zinc in General U.S. Population - Biological Trace Element Research
Copper levels associated with hyperthyroidism
https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/40/1/26/4691322
Copper deficiency in rats causes low T4
https://academic.oup.com/jn/article-abstract/112/11/2043/4554029
Lower Ceruloplasmin (copper protein) associated with hypothyroidism
https://t.ly/_o3z
Copper and Neuropeptides
Copper is needed for PAM (peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase)
Plasma peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) and ceruloplasmin are affected by age and copper status in rats and mice
What is PAM?
PAM is a copper-containing enzyme that catalyzes two distinct reactions: the monooxygenation of peptidylglycine substrates to form an unstable α-hydroxyglycine intermediate, and the subsequent amidation of this intermediate to produce an α-amidated peptide product. The enzyme requires ascorbate as a cofactor for its activity.
The amidation reaction catalyzed by PAM is important for the biological activity of many peptides, including neuropeptides, hormones, and growth factors. Peptides that are not amidated may have reduced or altered biological activity, and thus PAM is critical for the proper function of many physiological systems in the body.
In other words, copper (and vitamin C) are the primary cofactors in activating 50% of all neuropeptides.
A Mass Spectrometry-Based Method to Screen for α-Amidated Peptides/
Amidated (activated) Neuropeptides are extremely important.
One example is Pro-GnRH, the precursor to GnRH. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a hormone produced by the hypothalamus in the brain that stimulates the pituitary gland to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which are important for the regulation of reproductive functions in both males and females.
This means that a copper, glycine, and vitamin C dependent enzyme is a gate-keeper for the primary pathway of sex hormone synthesis!
What other peptides are amidated by PAM?
Calcitonin - Calcitonin is a hormone that regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism in the body.
Vasopressin - Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone, is a hormone that regulates water balance in the body by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys.
Somatostatin - Somatostatin is a peptide hormone that regulates the release of other hormones in the body.
Cholecystokinin - Cholecystokinin is a peptide hormone that regulates digestive processes in the body.
Oxytocin - Oxytocin is a neuropeptide that is involved in the regulation of social behavior, sexual reproduction, and stress response.
And many more.
PAM can be used as a biomarker for copper status
Plasma peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) and ceruloplasmin are affected by age and copper status in rats and mice
Some studies on PAM
Low PAM causes Seizures, anxiety, body heat issues
Low PAM causes Issues with the amygdala, lowering neuroplasticity (ability to learn and adapt to fear)
Mice without PAM are unviable and do no pass gestation, copper deficiency causes behavioral issues
PAM may lower cortisol by amidating ACTH (cortisol producing hormone)
"PAM amidates the COOH terminal of ACTH (1–13) in the pathway creating α-MSH"
Rats with PAM mutations get fat and experience glucose intolerance
Is copper the missing link?
Does anyone have anecdotes from copper supplementation?
I personally have been taking 10-20mg as copper bisglycinate in the last few weeks to fight anhedonia, brain fog, lack of empathy, overeating, low libido, recurring infections, and general fatigue. I also stopped taking any zinc supplements.
I've noticed slow improvements in all of these areas, but still have some bad days. I've lost my cold hands and feet, and actually sweat during my workouts now. I also cleared up a sinus issue that I had for many weeks. Brain fog seems better in that I have less trouble communicating my thoughts in social settings and writing software isn't as headache inducing.
I had a lowish free T4 in a test during the last winter.
T4 - 1.1ng/dL
Will try to get a new test in the next few months to see if this is placebo or my missing link.
Serum Copper levels associated with higher Free T4
Exploring the role of copper and selenium in the maintenance of normal thyroid function among healthy Koreans
Thyroid hormone stimulates release of liver copper as ceruloplasmin
Serum copper as a novel biomarker for resistance to thyroid hormone
Copper Increases free and total t4
Thyroid Function and Serum Copper, Selenium, and Zinc in General U.S. Population - Biological Trace Element Research
Copper levels associated with hyperthyroidism
https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/40/1/26/4691322
Copper deficiency in rats causes low T4
https://academic.oup.com/jn/article-abstract/112/11/2043/4554029
Lower Ceruloplasmin (copper protein) associated with hypothyroidism
https://t.ly/_o3z
Copper and Neuropeptides
Copper is needed for PAM (peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase)
Plasma peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) and ceruloplasmin are affected by age and copper status in rats and mice
What is PAM?
[5] Peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase: An ascorbate-requiring enzyme
Peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) is a bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the carboxyterminal amidation of glycine-extended peptides. Am…
www.sciencedirect.com
PAM is a copper-containing enzyme that catalyzes two distinct reactions: the monooxygenation of peptidylglycine substrates to form an unstable α-hydroxyglycine intermediate, and the subsequent amidation of this intermediate to produce an α-amidated peptide product. The enzyme requires ascorbate as a cofactor for its activity.
The amidation reaction catalyzed by PAM is important for the biological activity of many peptides, including neuropeptides, hormones, and growth factors. Peptides that are not amidated may have reduced or altered biological activity, and thus PAM is critical for the proper function of many physiological systems in the body.
In other words, copper (and vitamin C) are the primary cofactors in activating 50% of all neuropeptides.
A Mass Spectrometry-Based Method to Screen for α-Amidated Peptides/
Amidated (activated) Neuropeptides are extremely important.
One example is Pro-GnRH, the precursor to GnRH. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a hormone produced by the hypothalamus in the brain that stimulates the pituitary gland to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which are important for the regulation of reproductive functions in both males and females.
This means that a copper, glycine, and vitamin C dependent enzyme is a gate-keeper for the primary pathway of sex hormone synthesis!
What other peptides are amidated by PAM?
Calcitonin - Calcitonin is a hormone that regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism in the body.
Vasopressin - Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone, is a hormone that regulates water balance in the body by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys.
Somatostatin - Somatostatin is a peptide hormone that regulates the release of other hormones in the body.
Cholecystokinin - Cholecystokinin is a peptide hormone that regulates digestive processes in the body.
Oxytocin - Oxytocin is a neuropeptide that is involved in the regulation of social behavior, sexual reproduction, and stress response.
And many more.
PAM can be used as a biomarker for copper status
Plasma peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) and ceruloplasmin are affected by age and copper status in rats and mice
Some studies on PAM
Low PAM causes Seizures, anxiety, body heat issues
Low PAM causes Issues with the amygdala, lowering neuroplasticity (ability to learn and adapt to fear)
Mice without PAM are unviable and do no pass gestation, copper deficiency causes behavioral issues
Probing the Production of Amidated Peptides following Genetic and Dietary Copper Manipulations
Amidated neuropeptides play essential roles throughout the nervous and endocrine systems. Mice lacking peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), the only enzyme capable of producing amidated peptides, are not viable. In the amidation reaction, the reactant (glycine-extended peptide) is...
journals.plos.org
PAM may lower cortisol by amidating ACTH (cortisol producing hormone)
"PAM amidates the COOH terminal of ACTH (1–13) in the pathway creating α-MSH"
POMC: The Physiological Power of Hormone Processing
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is the archetypal polypeptide precursor of hormones and neuropeptides. In this review, we examine the variability in the individual peptides produced in different tissues and the impact of the simultaneous presence of their ...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Rats with PAM mutations get fat and experience glucose intolerance
Deletion of peptide amidation enzymatic activity leads to edema and embryonic lethality in the mouse - PubMed
Peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) catalyzes the COOH-terminal amidation of peptide hormones. We previously had found high expression of PAM in several regions of the developing rodent. To determine the function of PAM during mouse embryogenesis, we produced a null mutant of the...
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Is copper the missing link?
Does anyone have anecdotes from copper supplementation?
I personally have been taking 10-20mg as copper bisglycinate in the last few weeks to fight anhedonia, brain fog, lack of empathy, overeating, low libido, recurring infections, and general fatigue. I also stopped taking any zinc supplements.
I've noticed slow improvements in all of these areas, but still have some bad days. I've lost my cold hands and feet, and actually sweat during my workouts now. I also cleared up a sinus issue that I had for many weeks. Brain fog seems better in that I have less trouble communicating my thoughts in social settings and writing software isn't as headache inducing.
I had a lowish free T4 in a test during the last winter.
T4 - 1.1ng/dL
Will try to get a new test in the next few months to see if this is placebo or my missing link.