20 Questions With Ray Peat

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charlie

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Submissions are closed. We have 20 questions.

Ray Peat said he will answer some questions for us here at the forum.

-20 questions total will be asked. As questions get enough reputation votes, I will submit them to Ray Peat.

-Submit your question to this thread, please do not comment in this thread or have any kind of discussion. Click here for discussion thread.


1. sprinter - I would love to hear everything Ray Peat consumes for one week. Including all food and supplements. 10 days would be even better.

Ray Peat - The details vary slightly according to what's available. Daily, milk, fruit (mainly orange juice), eggs, butter, cheese, and coffee. As available, liver, shrimp, squid, oysters, cod, sole, ox-tail soup, chicharrones (puffed pork rind), sapotas, pawpaws, cherimoyas, guanabanas, guavas, carrots, bamboo shoots, small turnips, corundas.

2. marcar72 - Ask him for more insight on what could be the cause of "high anxiety/panic attacks" quite a few of us members have been experiencing lately. Is it RT3 clearing, low serotonin, or maybe a B vitamin deficiency? A thorough answer from him covering all the possible causes in a checklist type answer would be awesome!

Ray Peat - When things are working properly, tissues are activated according to their use in adapting to the environment, and produce CO2 in proportion to their response; CO2 adjusts the blood supply while promoting mitochondrial energy production and regulating energy use. It stimulates normal breathing, while stabilizing (restraining activity of) nerves and other tissues. In the absence of oxygen (or presence of injury that prevents its use), lactate is produced instead of CO2, and displaces CO2 from the system, activating emergency alarm systems, potentially creating vicious circles of hormone changes and inflammation. Intestinal irritation (e.g., undigested food and bacterial toxin) releases large amounts of serotonin. Serotonin (named for its ability to constrict blood vessels) impairs oxygen use and increases lactate production. Hypothyroidism reduces tissues' ability to use oxygen and produce CO2, and slows digestion, increasing a tendency to produce serotonin, which activates stress hormones, etc.
Bag breathing can increase the carbon dioxide in the tissues, helping to reduce lactate production, but stabilizing the metabolic system is the real solution. With high glycogen stores, minor stresses don't tip the system into glycolytic metabolism easily.

===Physiol Behav. 2004 Sep 15;82(2-3):357-68.
Anxiety and aggression associated with the fermentation of carbohydrates in the
hindgut of rats.
Hanstock TL, Clayton EH, Li KM, Mallet PE.
School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
Lactic acid accumulation in the caecum and colon resulting from the fermentation
of carbohydrates can lead to deleterious effects in ruminant and monogastric
animals, including humans. In the present study, we examined the behavioural
effects of two types of commonly consumed foods: soluble and fermentable
carbohydrates (FCs). Thirty-six male Wistar rats were fed either a commercial rat
and mouse chow, a soluble carbohydrate (SC)-based diet or an FC-based diet.
Social interaction, anxiety, aggression and locomotor activity were examined by
employing a social interaction test and a light/dark emergence test, while
physical parameters of hindgut fermentation were examined after sacrifice, either
3 or 21 h after feeding. Results showed that anxiety (spending less time in the
light compartment during the light/dark emergence test) and aggression (increased
fighting during the social interaction test) were increased following raised
concentrations of fermentation end products, such as lactic acid and volatile
fatty acids (VFAs) in the caecum of rats. These associations occurred regardless
of dopamine and 5-HT concentrations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and provide
evidence supporting a general effect of FCs on behaviour. Possible mechanisms of
action along with similarities between a rat and human model of acidosis are
discussed.

Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1986 Dec;183(3):299-310.
Relationship between dietary fiber and cancer: metabolic, physiologic, and
cellular mechanisms.
Jacobs LR.
The relationships between fiber consumption and human cancer rates have been
examined, together with an analysis of the effects of individual dietary fibers
on the experimental induction of large bowel cancer. The human epidemiology
indicates an inverse correlation between high fiber consumption and lower colon
cancer rates. Cereal fiber sources show the most consistent negative correlation.
However, human case-control studies in general fail to confirm any protective
effect due to dietary fiber. Case-control studies indicate that if any source of
dietary fiber is possibly antineoplastic then it is probably vegetables. These
results may mean that purified fibers alone do not inhibit tumor development,
whereas it is likely that some other factors present in vegetables are
antineoplastic. Experiments in laboratory animals, using chemical induction of
large bowel cancer, have in general shown a protective effect with supplements of
*poorly fermentable fibers such as wheat bran or cellulose. *In contrast, a number
of*fermentable fiber supplements including pectin, corn bran, oat bran,**
**undegraded carageenan, agar, psyllium, guar gum, and alfalfa have been shown to**
**enhance tumor development. *Possible mechanisms by which fibers may inhibit colon
tumorigenesis include dilution and adsorption of any carcinogens and/or promoters
contained within the intestinal lumen, the modulation of colonic microbial
metabolic activity, and biological modification of intestinal epithelial cells.
Dietary fibers not only bind carcinogens, bile acids, and other potential toxins
but also essential nutrients, such as minerals, which can inhibit the
carcinogenic process. Fermentation of fibers within the large bowel results in
the production of short chain fatty acids, which in vivo stimulate cell
proliferation, while butyrate appears to be antineoplastic in vitro. Evidence
suggests that if dietary fibers stimulate cell proliferation during the stage of
initiation, then this may lead to tumor enhancement. Fermentation also lowers
luminal pH, which in turn modifies colonic microbial metabolic acidity, and is
associated with increased epithelial cell proliferation and colon carcinogenesis.
Because dietary fibers differ in their physiochemical properties it has been
difficult to identify a single mechanism by which fibers modify colon
carcinogenesis. Clearly, more metabolic and physiological studies are needed to
fully define the mechanisms by which certain fibers inhibit while others enhance
experimental colon carcinogenesis.

Psychiatry Res. 1989 May;28(2):181-91.
Prolactin and sodium lactate-induced panic.
Hollander E1, Liebowitz MR, Cohen B, Gorman JM, Fyer AJ, Papp LA, Klein DF.
Sodium lactate infusions reliably induce panic attacks in panic disorder patients but not in normal controls, but the mechanism underlying this response is unknown. We studied the plasma prolactin response to infusion of 0.5 molar sodium lactate in 38 patients with panic disorder or agoraphobia with panic attacks, and 16 normal controls. As expected, baseline plasma prolactin was significantly higher in female subjects than in male subjects. However, the males who experienced lactate-induced panic had significantly elevated baseline prolactin levels compared to male nonpanickers and controls. Prolactin levels increased in all groups during lactate infusion, which may reflect osmotic effects, but were blunted in the late panickers compared to nonpanickers and controls. The elevated baseline prolactin for male panickers supports a relationship between prolactin and anticipatory anxiety. The blunted prolactin response for late panickers suggests a net diminution, rather than a sensitization, of prolactin response in panic anxiety.

Endocrinol Jpn. 1960 Dec;7:261-70.
The role of serotonin in carbohydrate metabolism. III. The effect of serotonin on
blood lactate level of rats.
UI M, WARASHINA Y, KOBAYASHI B.

Endocrinol Jpn. 1960 Dec;7:271-8.
The role of serotonin in carbohydrate metabolism. IV. Mechanism of serotonin
hyperlactacidemia.
UI M, WARASHINA Y, KOBAYASHI B.

1. Effect of serotonin on blood lactate level of rats were examined.
2. Serotonin, administered intravenously, subcutaneously or intraperitoneally, caused a rise of blood lactate.
3. Effectiveness of serotonin in causing hyperlactacidemia was far more than that of epinephrine if considered on the basis of physiological concentration in circulation.
4. Serotonin had no effect on blood glycolysis both in vivo and in vitro.
5. The possibility that serotonin may act primarily on carbohydrate metabolism in peripheral and/or hepatic tissues are discussed.


J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014 Apr;25(4):657-70.
The gut microbiome, kidney disease, and targeted interventions.
Ramezani A(1), Raj DS.
(1)Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University,
Washington DC.
The human gut harbors >100 trillion microbial cells, which influence the
nutrition, metabolism, physiology, and immune function of the host. Here, we
review the quantitative and qualitative changes in gut microbiota of patients
with CKD that lead to disturbance of this symbiotic relationship, how this may
contribute to the progression of CKD, and targeted interventions to re-establish
symbiosis. Endotoxin derived from gut bacteria incites a powerful inflammatory
response in the host organism. Furthermore, protein fermentation by gut
microbiota generates myriad toxic metabolites, including p-cresol and indoxyl
sulfate. Disruption of gut barrier function in CKD allows translocation of
endotoxin and bacterial metabolites to the systemic circulation, which
contributes to uremic toxicity, inflammation, progression of CKD, and associated
cardiovascular disease. Several targeted interventions that aim to re-establish
intestinal symbiosis, neutralize bacterial endotoxins, or adsorb gut-derived
uremic toxins have been developed. Indeed, animal and human studies suggest that
prebiotics and probiotics may have therapeutic roles in maintaining a
metabolically-balanced gut microbiota and reducing progression of CKD and
uremia-associated complications. We propose that further research should focus on
using this highly efficient metabolic machinery to alleviate uremic symptoms.

J Agric Food Chem. 2008 May 28;56(10):3554-60.
Purple carrot (Daucus carota L.) polyacetylenes decrease
lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of inflammatory proteins in macrophage and
endothelial cells.
Metzger BT(1), Barnes DM, Reed JD.
(1)Department of Animal Science, University of WisconsinMadison, 1675 Observatory
Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA. [email protected]
Carrots ( Daucus carota L.) contain phytochemicals including carotenoids,
phenolics, polyacetylenes, isocoumarins, and sesquiterpenes. Purple carrots also
contain anthocyanins. The anti-inflammatory activity of extracts and
phytochemicals from purple carrots was investigated by determining attenuation of
the response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A bioactive chromatographic fraction
(Sephadex LH-20) reduced LPS inflammatory response. There was a dose-dependent
reduction in nitric oxide production and mRNA of pro-inflammatory cytokines
(IL-6, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha) and iNOS in macrophage cells. Protein secretions of
IL-6 and TNF-alpha were reduced 77 and 66% in porcine aortic endothelial cells
treated with 6.6 and 13.3 microg/mL of the LH-20 fraction, respectively.
Preparative liquid chromatography resulted in a bioactive subfraction enriched in
the polyacetylene compounds falcarindiol, falcarindiol 3-acetate, and falcarinol.
The polyacetylenes were isolated and reduced nitric oxide production in
macrophage cells by as much as 65% without cytotoxicity. These results suggest
that polyacetylenes, not anthocyanins, in purple carrots are responsible for
anti-inflammatory bioactivity.

Bioactives in minimally processed carrots
March 24, 2011
Source: Teagasc
Summary:
Researchers are developing an understanding of how bioactive compounds in vegetables are affected by passage through the food chain. They assessed the impact of Modified Atmosphere Packaging, which is used to preserve ready-to-eat vegetable products such as carrot disks at the point of sale during chill storage.
Researchers at the Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, as part of the Irish Phytochemical Food Network, are developing an understanding of how bioactive compounds in vegetables are affected by passage through the food chain. They assessed the impact of Modified Atmosphere Packaging, which is used to preserve ready-to-eat vegetable products such as carrot disks at the point of sale during chill storage.
Polyacetylenes are natural products found in certain plants that have been related to a reduction in the risks of developing diseases such as certain types of cancers and other important diseases. Carrots contain relatively high contents of polyacetylenes. Recent studies have focussed on the polyacetylenes from carrots because their bioactive properties could have beneficial health effects.
They can be classified into four groups depending on the impact they have on human health -- anti inflammatory and anti-platelet; anti fungal and anti-viral; anti-bacterial and anti-mycobacterial; and, cytotoxicity and anti-cancer. Falcarinol has emerged as the most active polyacetylene in carrots in terms of cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines.
Researchers at the Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, as part of the Irish Phytochemical Food Network, are developing an understanding of how bioactive compounds in vegetables are affected by passage through the food chain. They assessed the impact of Modified Atmosphere Packaging, which is used to preserve ready-to-eat vegetable products such as carrot disks at the point of sale during chill storage.
In an article for TResearch, the Teagasc research and innovation magazine, Dr Juan Valverde and colleagues outline the results of their analysis. The results show that Modified Atmosphere Packaging is a useful way to retain polyacetylenes levels in carrots. None of the three major polyacetylenes in carrots showed significant difference from the control.


3. Milklove - I would like to know Rays dental hygiene routine. Is there a need for really healthy people to brush their teeth or is rinsing with baking soda enough? What does he recommend as a toothpaste?

Ray Peat - The metabolism of the tooth itself and the surrounding tissues, and the composition and quantity of the saliva are the most important factors in tooth health. I have known some people with perfect teeth who had grown up in cultures that didn't practice tooth-brushing. US dentistry is dominated by fetishism. It's good to be aware of the abrasive effects of toothpastes, and to remember how thin enamel is. Some foods, such as raw pineapple or acidic foods, are extremely corrosive to the teeth, and should be followed immediately by rinsing or eating foods with a cleaning and neutralizing effect. The alkaline pH of baking soda helps to free protein films from the teeth.

Arch Oral Biol. 2012 Oct;57(10):1327-34.
Saliva increases the availability of lipophilic polyphenols as antioxidants and
enhances their retention in the oral cavity.
Ginsburg I, Koren E, Shalish M, Kanner J, Kohen R.
(1)Institute for Dental Sciences, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical Center, P.O.
Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120, Israel. [email protected]
OBJECTIVE: Lipophilic polyphenols in fruit beverages can avidly bind to surfaces
of microorganisms and to blood cells and to impart upon them enhanced oxidant
scavenging abilities (OSA). However, since many of the polyphenols are actually
not fully soluble in water, they are therefore not available to act as effective
antioxidant agents. We hypothesized that whole saliva, proteins such as albumin
and mucin, human red blood cells and platelets, may all increase the "solubility"
and availability of lipophilic antioxidant polyphenols thus increasing the OSA of
whole saliva.
DESIGN: The OSA of whole un-stimulated human saliva, obtained from healthy donors
and of combinations among saliva, mucin, blood cells, fruit beverages and reagent
polyphenols were quantified by chemiluminescence, DPPH radical and tetrazolium
reduction assays. Kinetics of the clearance of polyphenols from saliva after
holding in the mouth for 30s of an extract from beverages cinnamon was assayed by
the Folin Ciocalteu's and the luminescence assays.
RESULTS: OSA of fruit beverages and of reagent polyphenols were markedly
increased by whole saliva, mucin and by red blood cells. Polyphenols associated
with a cinnamon extract were retained in the oral cavity for several hours as
measured by luminescence and Folin reagent techniques.
CONCLUSIONS: A new approach to explain the additional role of saliva and salivary
proteins and of blood cells as enhancers of OSA of lipophilic polyphenols is
presented. This might have a significant importance to assess complex
interactions among polyphenols from nutrients, salivary antioxidants, salivary
proteins and blood cells extravasated from injure capillaries during infection
and inflammation.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Aging Clin Exp Res. 2008 Dec;20(6):503-8.
Interaction of age and specific saliva component output on caries.
Mungia R, Cano SM, Johnson DA, Dang H, Brown JP.
(1)Department of Community Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center
at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship
between individual salivary components, dental caries and age, utilizing the data
from the Oral Health: San Antonio Longitudinal Study of Aging (OH:SALSA).
METHODS: The study population comprised a well-defined stratified sample of 811
dentate men and women. Subjects were divided into four age groups from 35 to 75+
years old. Unstimulated and stimulated submandibular/sublingual saliva flow
rates, unstimulated and stimulated parotid saliva flow rates, total protein, 6
individual proteins and 4 inorganic constituents were measured. Specific salivary
components were lactoferrin, secretory IgA, albumin, lysozyme, mucin, cystatin,
K+, Ca2+, Na+ and Cl-. Caries measurements were the DMFT Index for crowns and for
roots, Tooth Health Index for crowns and roots, Tooth caries, Root caries and
Tooth restoration. The data on saliva components were square root transformed for
linearity prior to analysis. Analysis was carried out in two stages. Partial
correlation was performed, in order to identify significant relationships between
specific salivary components and caries measurements, controlling for age group.
In the second stage, using caries measurement as the dependant variable, the
effects of age, flow rate and specific salivary component output (product of flow
rate and concentration) were examined.
RESULTS: Significant associations were found between caries, age and specific
individual submandibular/sublingual salivary proteins (lactoferrin, albumin,
lysozyme, mucin and cystatin) and specific inorganic constituents (K+, Ca2+, Na+
and Cl-).
CONCLUSIONS: Changes in submandibular/ sublingual salivary component output
during aging are correlated with high caries prevalence. These changes in saliva
components over age may represent caries risk indicators.

Gerodontology. 2011 Dec;28(4):289-95.
Relationship between root caries and cardiac dysrhythmia.
Kaneko M, Yoshihara A, Miyazaki H.
(1)Division of Preventive Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Science, Graduate
School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Gakkocho-Dori,
Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan.
BACKGROUND: Cardiac dysrhythmia are frequently found in the elderly population
because of conduction system disease and ageing. Recent reports have suggested
that dental caries and periodontal disease are predictors of coronary heart
events. However, this hypothesis remains largely unproven.
OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the relationship between root caries and
cardiac dysrhythmia in an elderly population.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Among 600 subjects, 233 who were dentate at baseline
underwent a baseline examination and subsequent annual investigations, including
an oral examination and a 12-lead electrocardiogram, for a 4-year period.
Analysis of covariance (ancova) was used to assess the number of sites with root
caries between subjects with mean C-reactive protein (CRP) serum level of <3.0
mg/l and those with the mean CRP serum level ≥3.0 mg/l. Logistic regression
analysis was performed to assess relationship between root caries and cardiac
dysrhythmia.
RESULTS: A high mean CRP serum level group had a significantly higher number of
sites with root caries than a low CRP group (p < 0.001). Number of sites with
root caries events was significantly associated with cardiac dysrhythmia among
non-smokers (odds ratio, 5.84; p = 0.040). These results suggest that root caries
is related to the incidence of dysrhythmias in non-smokers.
CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that non-smoking elders with root caries lesions are at
an elevated risk for dysrhythmias.
© 2010 The Gerodontology Society and John Wiley & Sons A/S.

J Clin Periodontol. 2010 Sep;37(9):805-11.
Association of salivary lysozyme and C-reactive protein with metabolic syndrome.
Qvarnstrom M, Janket SJ, Jones JA, Jethwani K, Nuutinen P, Garcia RI, Baird
AE, Van Dyke TE, Meurman JH.
(1)Otorhinolaryngology/Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kuopio University, Kuopio,
Finland.
INTRODUCTION: Salivary lysozyme (SLZ) is a proteolytic enzyme secreted by oral
leucocytes and contains a domain that has an affinity to advanced glycation end
products (AGE). Thus, we hypothesized that SLZ would be associated with metabolic
syndrome (metS), a pro-inflammatory state.
METHODS: Utilizing cross-sectional data from 250 coronary artery disease (CAD)
and 250 non-CAD patients, the association of SLZ with metS was tested by logistic
regression analyses controlling for age, sex, smoking, total cholesterol and
C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. The analyses were stratified by CAD status to
control for the possible effects of CAD.
RESULTS: MetS was found in 122 persons. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for metS
associated with the highest quartile of SLZ was 1.95 with 95% confidence interval
(CI) 1.20-3.12, p-value=0.007, compared with the lower three quartiles combined.
Among the 40 subjects with metS but without CAD, the OR was 1.63 (CI: 0.64-4.15,
p=0.31), whereas in the CAD group, SLZ was significantly associated with metS
[OR=1.96 (1.09-3.52), p=0.02]. In both subgroups, CRP was not significantly
associated with metS.
CONCLUSION: SLZ was significantly associated with metS (OR=1.95) independent of
CRP level. Future longitudinal research is warranted.

J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2013 Jan;17(1):42-6.
Salivary protein concentration, flow rate, buffer capacity and pH estimation: A
comparative study among young and elderly subjects, both normal and with
gingivitis and periodontitis.
Shaila M, Pai GP, Shetty P.
(1)Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, K V G Dental College, Sullia,
Karnataka, India.
BACKGROUND: To evaluate the salivary protein concentration in gingivitis and
periodontitis patients and compare the parameters like salivary total protein,
salivary albumin, salivary flow rate, pH, buffer capacity and flow rate in both
young and elderly patients with simple methods.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty subjects were grouped based on
their age as young and elderly. Each group was subgrouped (20 subjects) as
controls, gingivitis and periodontitis. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected
from patients and flow rate was noted down during collection of the sample.
Salivary protein estimation was done using the Biuret method and salivary albumin
was assessed using the Bromocresol green method. pH was estimated with a pHmeter
and buffering capacity was analyzed with the titration method. Student's t-test,
Fisher's test (ANOVA) and Tukey HSD (ANOVA) tests were used for statistical
analysis.
RESULTS: A very highly significant rise in the salivary total protein and albumin
concentration was noted in gingivitis and periodontitis subjects of both young
and elderly. An overall decrease in salivary flow rate was observed among the
elderly, and also the salivary flow rate of women was significantly lower than
that of men.
CONCLUSION: Significant associations between salivary total protein and albumin
in gingivitis and periodontitis were found with simple biochemical tests. A
decrease in salivary flow rate among elderly and among women was noted.

Transplantation. 2013 Jul 15;96(1):102-7.
Mucosal pH, dental findings, and salivary composition in pediatric liver
transplant recipients.
Davidovich E, Asher R, Shapira J, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Shapiro R.
(1)Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental
Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
BACKGROUND: Oral health and dental maintenance have become part of the standard
of care for pediatric liver transplant recipients. These individuals tend to
suffer particularly from dental problems, such as gingival enlargement,
gingivitis, poor oral hygiene, dental hypoplasia, and caries. Saliva composition
influences oral hygiene and disease states. We investigated saliva composition
and its association with the oral health of young recipients of liver
transplants.
METHODS: In 70 patients, 36 liver transplant recipients (ages 2-23 years) and 34
healthy controls (ages 4-21 years), we measured the following variables: (a) oral
hygiene, (b) gingival inflammation, (c) caries status, (d) dental calculus
formation, (e) oral mucosal pH, and (f) salivary protein composition.
RESULTS: Lower mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth index (P=0.0038), higher
mean gingival index (P=0.0001), and higher mean calculus score (P=0.003) were
found in the transplanted study group compared with the control. The mean mucosal
pH for seven intraoral sites was higher in the transplant group (P=0.0006). The
median salivary albumin concentration was significantly lower in the transplant
group (P=0.01), as was the median salivary albumin/total protein ratio
(P=0.0002).
CONCLUSIONS: In post-liver transplant pediatric recipients, low incidence of
caries, together with high incidence of dental calculus, could be attributed to
elevated oral mucosal pH. Salivary albumin and immunoglobulin A levels were
relatively low in these patients. Clinicians should pay particular attention to
the oral health and dental care of liver transplanted children.

Biotech Histochem. 2014 Jan;89(1):8-13.
Serum and salivary levels of albumin as diagnostic tools for oral pre-malignancy
and oral malignancy.
Metgud R, Patel S.
(1)Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Pacific Dental College and
Hospital, Paher University , Udaipur , India.
The role of oxygen free radicals in the initiation, promotion and progression of
carcinogenesis and the protective role of antioxidants has been a subject of much
speculation. There are few studies that report evaluation of serum albumin and
only one study in which salivary albumin was found and only one study that
reports of salivary albumin in oral Leukoplakia and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
(OSCC). We evaluated serum and salivary albumin levels in normal individuals,
patients with oral pre-malignancy and patients with oral malignancy, and we
compared serum and salivary albumin levels in patients with oral pre-malignancy
and oral malignancy. Our study comprised 45 subjects separated into three groups
of 15: normal healthy, oral pre-malignancy and oral malignancy patients. Venous
blood was drawn and unstimulated saliva was collected early in the morning.
Albumin levels were estimated using the bromocresol green method. Serum albumin
levels decreased in oral pre-malignancy and oral malignancy cases compared to
healthy individuals. Salivary albumin levels increased in oral pre-malignancy and
oral malignancy cases compared to healthy individuals. Our results suggest that
albumin may play a role in early diagnosis and prognosis of oral pre-malignant
and oral malignant tissues.

Caries Res. 2013;47(6):548-52.
Saliva parameters and erosive wear in adolescents.
Zwier N(1), Huysmans MC, Jager DH, Ruben J, Bronkhorst EM, Truin GJ.
(1)College of Dental Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen,
The Netherlands.
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between several
parameters of saliva and erosive wear in adolescents. (Un-)stimulated saliva was
collected from 88 adolescents with erosion and 49 controls (age 16 ± 1 years).
Flow rate, pH and buffer capacity were determined immediately. Total protein
content, carbonic anhydrase VI, amylase, albumin, calcium, phosphate, urea,
sodium, chloride and potassium were measured at a later time. Unstimulated flow
rate was found to be significantly lower in subjects with erosive wear (p =
0.016). The chloride concentration in unstimulated saliva was found to be
significantly higher in the erosion group (p = 0.019).
Copyright © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel.

4. Milklove - Regarding red light. Is there a problem with using LEDs since they emit a discontinous light spectrum?

Ray Peat - There are many published good effects, including activation of cytochrome oxidase, from frequencies around 630 nm, but I think there are likely to be benefits from other wavelengths, including neutralization of free radicals.

5. Mittir - I have seen in mainstream science and in many blogs that fat cells increases estrogen production. But, my understanding of RP's writing is that only PUFA storage in fat cells increases estrogen. He mentioned when excess carbohydrate increases fat synthesis and storage it is safe, since it is all saturated fat. I have noticed in many papers that they carefully avoid putting blame on PUFA, instead they blame it on all types oil. May be because they think it is redundant to repeat saturated fat is bad. It is good to have a clarification from him to dispel this internet rumor.

Ray Peat - Polyunsaturated fatty acids are preferentially stored, and fat cells preferentially oxidize saturated fats, so PUFA and their random oxidation products accumulate, and are preferentially released by stress, and synergize with estrogen in various ways.

6. nograde - How dangerous is calcium when you are hypothyroid and magnesium deficient? Should large amounts of calcium be avoided in such a state?

Ray Peat - In the presence of hypothyroidism and magnesium deficiency everything is dangerous, but calcium and sodium are probably among the least dangerous things.

7. lindsay - In line with this question, I would like Ray Peat to further discuss the role that Co2 plays in overall metabolic and cellular health and list as many ways as he can think of that would help boost Co2 retention (or production) in the body. I'm also curious about carbon dioxide therapy and if it is safe?

Ray Peat - Absorbing it through the skin is safe, also bag-breathing can gradually allow the nerves to adapt to a higher concentration. In a high concentration, it burns the membranes by its acidity. Lowering serotonin is one way to shift the cells' balance in the right direction, but keeping the right balance of thyroid (producing CO2) and estrogen (which increases lactate formation and stimulates hyperventilation) is the basic way to optimize CO2. Activity increases CO2 production when the health is good.
It has many effects, for example by mass action it modifies carboxylations and decarboxylations, and it affects the formation of urea, and stabilizes the Krebs cycle by anaplerosis, lowers free radicals, stimulates new bone formation, lowers peripheral vascular resistance, and is generally antiinflammatory. I think its most important long-term effect might be protection against harmful glycation, by forming carbamino groups in regulatory sites. As a Lewis acid, its association with proteins has inductive effects. As it's formed and converted to carbonic acid, leaving the mitochondria it removes water, and participates in ion regulation. It limits the formation of lactic acid, and has a stabilizing effect on nerves. As an acidic adsorbent, it tends to stabilize cell function and metabolism.

8. nograde - What is your opinion on traditional eastern medical concepts like Traditional Chinese Medicine or Ayurveda? Is there anything we can learn from them? For example Yoga/Pranayama and Qigong have breathing techniques at the center of their philosophies with anecdotal stories about extreme longevity or even immortality by applying them (mostly breathing less), suggesting that they for example knew about the protective effects of CO2 retention.

Ray Peat - It's good to be receptive to potentially valuable information from any source. Sometimes it's a person's own observation, sometimes it's received traditionally. Much of the western medical tradition has disappeared because of the predominance of commercial interests in the last 100 years. Being aware of a variety of cultural ideas about health should encourage re-invention of all of them, looking for more general understanding.

9. nograde - Which internet resources (forums, blogs, etc..) do you frequent often? Do you sometimes read raypeatforum.com?

Ray Peat - There are none that I frequent. No.

10. Such_Saturation - Can we see the depletion of "essential" fatty acids in degenerative disease as well as in mental health problems simply as a sign of a high oxidative stress and metabolic disfunction?

Ray Peat - Yes, the most unsaturated are the first to be degraded by stress, and the farther the bonds are from the acid end the more unstable they are. Structurally, it would seem that a dilution of saturated and omega-9 fats is degenerative.

11. Peata - The ol' stranded on a deserted island question - what 5 things (or more preferably) would he want to have along with him? Examples of food, drink, supplements, books, other objects, etc.

12. Wilfrid - Would he have any plan to write an updated book combining a summary of his latest research on health and diseases, the brands of supplement/drug that he thinks are trustworthy to use and how, the food and cosmetic brands that he considers safe and finally other alternative therapies that he consider useful/important to treat diseases?

13. johns74 - Did you eat a lot of PUFA before realizing scientifically that they were bad? When did you find out they were bad?

14. Wheat&PUFAs - Do you believe in a "god" or any sort of "supernatural" force?

15. visionofstrength - You've explained that endotoxins are normally confined to the healthy intestine. You've also explained that if the intestinal wall is inflamed, the otherwise contained endotoxins gain access to the circulation through persorption, and create metabolites of arachidonic acid (the prostaglandins, thromboxane, and the leukotrienes), platelet activating factor, cytokines (tumor necrosis factor and interleukins 1 and 6), vasoactive and chemotactic peptides (histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, complement components), tissue factor, proteolytic enzymes, and reactive oxygen species -- in short, all the mediating factors of degenerative disease. Is it true, then, that while endotoxemia is often associated with acute gastrointestinal disease, it may be this hidden, chronic release of endotoxin by persorption that puts anyone at risk of degenerative disease? What should we do to prevent persorption of endotoxins, or if it occurs, to alleviate it?

16. sueq - Please clarify weight loss suggestions including how much coconut oil and role of endotoxin, adrenalin and cortisol. Some say people gain weight with this approach - are they misunderstanding sucrose and coconut oil quantities or is some rebound inevitable when recovering? If already obese, does the estrogen produced by fat cells make it impossible to get out of the trap? Thank you!

17. constrictedvoid - Does ones fundamental identity survive biological death?

18. nograde - In which context does Aspirin cause stomach ulcers? A friend of mine is gastroenterologist, has twenty years of experience doing several endoscopic examinations per day. He says that he can with almost 100% accuracy tell if a patient is or was using Aspirin within seconds just by looking at the lesions of gastric mucosa. I can induce ulcers within 3 days of using 3x1g of Aspirin well dissolved and taking it after meal only. I can even induce it via transdermal application after a while hinting at a systemic effect besides the local irritation. The mainstream explanation is suppression of PGE2 which is needed for mucosal regeneration (possibly via enhancing blood circulation). Also, Helicobacter Pylori seems to play a role. What do you think of it?

19. Mittir - I am getting dramatic improvement using half to 1 mg of Cyproheptadine daily. Is there any harm in using small dose of Cyproheptadine (half to 4 mg) daily for a long period of time? You have mentioned before that ergot derived drugs are not safe for long term use and anti-serotonin should be used for a short period of time until the problem is resolved. Is Cyproheptadine an exception?

20. aguilaroja - Click here to read aguilaroja's question.
 
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Re: 20 Questions With Ray Peat -- Submit Your Questions

I think it would be cool to get a better idea of how "strictly peat" he is himself. For example how often do you eat potatoes, rice, corn, or even bread? Do you eat out much?
 

sprinter

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Re: 20 Questions With Ray Peat -- Submit Your Questions

I would love to hear everything Ray Peat consumes for one week. Including all food and supplements. 10 days would be even better.
 

johns74

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Re: 20 Questions With Ray Peat -- Submit Your Questions

Does boiling potatoes in salted water leave the keto acids in the water, because of the salt?
 

burtlancast

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Re: 20 Questions With Ray Peat -- Submit Your Questions

Why does supplementing with niacinamide cause headaches in many people ; is it related to the impurities or to the excessive dosages ( 1 g and over ) ?
Can one take high dosages ( 1g and above) and avoid them ?

Do you believe it's possible to cure tuberculosis ( and it's different localisations in the body) simply by avoiding eating salt, animal fats and animal proteins, as Max Gerson claimed in the thirties ?
If true, what would be the biochemical explanations ?
 

BingDing

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Re: 20 Questions With Ray Peat -- Submit Your Questions

Do you think the "heart rate variability" test is a valid assessment of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

The test ranks each system by a score from -4 to +4. On one test SNS was +2 and PSNS was -4. Could insomnia that looks like high adrenaline really be a complete absence of a balancing PSNS influence instead, something like cholinergic fatigue?

Do you think chronic cigarette smoking could affect the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor enough to reduce the PSNS to a very low condition?

Hey y'all, these are really good questions, vote early and often. ;)
 

johns74

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Re: 20 Questions With Ray Peat -- Submit Your Questions

Did you eat a lot of PUFA before realizing scientifically that they were bad? When did you find out they were bad?
 

burtlancast

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Re: 20 Questions With Ray Peat -- Submit Your Questions

Was Dr Robert Beck ( who claimed to be able to cure diseases by using electrical devices) right when he talked about eaten onions and garlic containing substances able to directly kill neurons ?


Should root canals (dead teeths) always be pulled out ?
 
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Re: 20 Questions With Ray Peat -- Submit Your Questions

What is your view on the rice diet? Could someone utilize a extremely low fat, high carbohydrate diet temporarily to restore healthy glucose metabolism?
 

Milklove

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Re: 20 Questions With Ray Peat -- Submit Your Questions

I would like to know Rays dental hygiene routine. Is there a need for really healthy people to brush their teeth or is rinsing with baking soda enough? What does he recommend as a toothpaste?
 

Milklove

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Re: 20 Questions With Ray Peat -- Submit Your Questions

Regarding red light. Is there a problem with using LEDs since they emit a discontinous light spectrum?
 
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Re: 20 Questions With Ray Peat -- Submit Your Questions

Is there a rationale (Gram staining, histamine production...) that would imply some kinds of gut bacteria are less harmful than others?
 
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Re: 20 Questions With Ray Peat -- Submit Your Questions

Can we see the depletion of "essential" fatty acids in degenerative disease as well as in mental health problems simply as a sign of a high oxidative stress and metabolic disfunction?
 
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Re: 20 Questions With Ray Peat -- Submit Your Questions

How can we maximize benefits and avoid a certain crystallization of mental process during our journey through higher education? Can an open mindset survive in modern age sociality?
 

sele

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Re: 20 Questions With Ray Peat -- Submit Your Questions

Why are my WBC and lymphocytes rising when I am lowering my TSH? Is there a relation between TSH and lymphocytes?
 

marcar72

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Re: 20 Questions With Ray Peat -- Submit Your Questions

Ask him for more insight on what could be the cause of "high anxiety/panic attacks" quite a few of us members have been experiencing lately. Is it RT3 clearing, low serotonin, or maybe a B vitamin deficiency? A thorough answer from him covering all the possible causes in a checklist type answer would be awesome! :D
 

lexis

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Re: 20 Questions With Ray Peat -- Submit Your Questions

How to reverse the effects of taking prednisolone
 

Peata

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Re: 20 Questions With Ray Peat -- Submit Your Questions

The ol' stranded on a deserted island question - what 5 things (or more preferably) would he want to have along with him? Examples of food, drink, supplements, books, other objects, etc.
 

mae

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Re: 20 Questions With Ray Peat -- Submit Your Questions

I was told during a physical for my work that I am overweight. I am BMI 25 and recently recovered my health after being very sick and underweight with a BMI of 18. Since I gained with a good diet of fruit and other sugars, dairy, balanced protein and minimal Pufa should I be concerned? I have good thyroid function and feel happy and healthy at my current size. I wonder if trying to conform to the BMI scale by forcing weight loss could lower my metabolism?
 

aguilaroja

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Re: 20 Questions With Ray Peat -- Submit Your Questions

(One question, sort of. My bad for the numerous follow-ups.)

Could Dr. Peat elaborate the role of endorphins/enkephalins/opioids (synthetic or not) in the context of metabolic decline?

For instance, are different modes of comfort/pain responses restorative or degenerative? What comparisons/contrasts are there between progesterone analgesia and opioid analgesia? Is (endogenous?) opioid analgesia an urgent "compensation" like cortisol/estrogen/adrenalin responses? Alternatively, are opioid responses more secondary?

Are there endorphin dominant stress reactions where other stress factors (histamine, estrogen, cortisol, adrenaline, etc.) are fairly low? How would restorative measures differ if this is the case? In the face of physiologic pain following injury or severe illness, are there generative comfort measures in addition to relieving the source injury/illness?

Dare I ask should the "metaphysical" problem of pain be seen in light of biological energy?

Does (pharmaceutical) chronic opioid use hinder metabolic resiliency?
(I omit end-of-life compassionate use of opioids as a special case.)
---
http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/alzheimers.shtml
"Endorphins: Stress induced, laterally specific, involved in estrogen action, antagonized by naloxone and similar anti-opiate drugs. I have proposed that the endorphins can cause or sustain some of the symptoms of aging. Naloxone appears to be a useful treatment for senility. E. Roberts, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 396, 165, 1982; B. Reisberg, et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 308, 721, 1983."

http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/alzheimers2.shtml
"Estrogen and the endorphins act together in many ways (including the behavior of estrus), and naloxone (the antagonist of morphine and the endorphins) raises body temperature and in other ways opposes estrogen. Naloxone has been found to improve the symptoms of demented people, and I have seen it quickly, and dramatically, improve the mental clarity of a 60 year old woman who had used estrogen. It, like clonidine (the anti-adrenaline drug), is a good candidate for controlling the hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause."\

http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/ca ... rone.shtml
"Naloxone or naltrexone, which blocks the actions of the endorphins and morphine, is being used to inhibit the growth of various kinds of cancer, including breast cancer and prostate cancer. Leptin (which is promoted by estrogen) is a hormone produced by fat cells, and it, like estrogen, activates the POMC-related endorphin stress system. The endorphins activate histamine, another promoter of inflammation and cell division."

http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/es ... ress.shtml
"Naloxone, the anti-endorphin, has been found to reverse some of the cumulative effects of stress, restoring some pituitary and ovarian function, and it promotes recovery after brain injury; in a variety of ways, it corrects some of estrogen's toxic effects."

http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/ho ... ging.shtml
"One of the animal "models" used to study hot flashes is morphine withdrawal.  The model seems relevant to human hot flashes, because estrogen can stop the morphine withdrawal flushing, and estrogen's acute and chronic effects on the brain-pituitary-ovary system involve the endorphins and the opioidergic nerves (Merchenthaler, et al., 1998; Holinka, et al., 2008).
In young rats, sudden morphine withdrawal caused by injecting the anti-opiate naloxone, causes the tail skin to flush, with a temperature increase of a few degrees, and causes the core body temperature to fall slightly. However, old animals respond to the withdrawal in two different ways. One group responded to the naloxone with an exaggerated flushing and decrease of core temperature. The other group of old rats, which already had a lower body temperature, didn't flush at all (Simpkins, 1994)."
 
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