goodandevil
Member
- Joined
- May 27, 2015
- Messages
- 978
kiran said:
Lol@ "peatphone"!
-
By using this site you agree to the terms, rules, and privacy policy.
-
Charlie's Restoration Giveaway #2 (Entire Home EMF Mitigation & Protection Along With Personal Protection) - Click Here To Enter
-
Dear Carnivore Dieters, A Muscle Meat Only Diet is Extremely Healing Because it is a Low "vitamin A" Diet. This is Why it Works so Well...
Rest the rest of this post by clicking here
-
The Forum is transitioning to a subscription-based membership model - Click Here To Read
Click Here if you want to upgrade your account
If you were able to post but cannot do so now, send an email to admin at raypeatforum dot com and include your username and we will fix that right up for you.
Are There Any Peat-friendly Probiotics?
- Thread starter hoppimike
- Start date
-
- Tags
- supplemental
Lol@ "peatphone"!
kiran said:
That's my understanding. It can kill parasites by cutting up their external surfaces and dessicating them. It can also cut up a vulnerable gut lining. If the parasites are bad enough, the trade off might be worth it. Otherwise not.
Last edited by a moderator:
Makrosky
Member
- Joined
- Oct 5, 2014
- Messages
- 3,982
That makes sense, Tara. I would agree with you on that. However, he takes antibiotics often to wipe out flora so I'm still not sure he would agree with what you said. We're speculating anyway.tara said:
Last edited by a moderator:
PeatThemAll
Member
- Joined
- Oct 3, 2015
- Messages
- 280
Dan Wich said:
This lichen part reminded me of this one... Bacillus Laterosporus Heard of it as it was a bacteria that thrives on lichens.
XPlus
Member
- Joined
- Dec 16, 2014
- Messages
- 556
I thought he was referring to small intestine, not the whole GI.
Parsifal
Member
- Joined
- Aug 6, 2015
- Messages
- 1,081
Hmm, people with tonsils and appendix removed seem trapped forever with digestion, inflammation (IBS) and bacterial issues 
.
.from the Wiki entry for Bacillus licheniformis
which Peat is said to have noted, upthread...
Bacillus licheniformis is a bacterium commonly found in the soil. It is found on bird feathers, especially chest and back plumage, and most often in ground-dwelling birds (like sparrows) and aquatic species (like ducks).
It is a gram-positive, mesophilic bacterium. Its optimal growth temperature is around 30°C, though it can survive at much higher temperatures. The optimal temperature for enzyme secretion is 37°C. It can exist in spore form to resist harsh environments, or in a vegetative state when conditions are good.
Scientists are currently exploring its ability to degrade feathers for agricultural purposes. Feathers contain high amounts of non-digestible proteins, but researchers hope that, through fermentation with B. licheniformis, they can use waste feathers to produce cheap and nutritious feather meal to feed livestock.
Ecological research is also being done looking at the interaction between plumage colors and B. licheniformis activity, and the consequences thereof. Feather degrading bacteria may have played an important role in the evolution of molting, and patterns in feather coloration (Gloger's Rule).
Biological laundry detergent
Bacillus licheniformis is cultured in order to obtain protease for use in biological laundry detergent. The bacterium is well adapted to grow in alkaline conditions, so the protease it produces can withstand high pH levels, making it ideal for this use - the other components of detergents create an alkaline pH. The protease has a pH optimum of between 9 and 10 and is added to laundry detergents in order to digest, and hence remove, dirt made of proteins. This allows for much lower temperatures to be used, resulting in lower energy use and a reduced risk of shrinkage of garments or loss of colored dyes.
Dental applications
In 2012, scientists from Newcastle University studying Bacillus licheniformis as a possible agent to clean ships' hulls isolated an enzyme that has proven to be an unexpected tooth decay fighter as it has the ability to cut through plaque or a layer of bacteria.[2]
Nanotech applications
Bacillus licheniformis can be used in synthesis of gold nanocubes.[3] Researchers have synthesized gold nanoparticles with sizes between 10 to 100 nanometres. Gold nanoparticles are usually synthesized at high temperatures, in organic solvents and using toxic reagents. The bacteria produce them in much milder conditions.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Edward H. Burtt, Max R. Schroeder, Lauren A. Smith, Jenna E. Sroka, Kevin J. McGraw (2010): Colourful parrot feathers resist bacterial degradation, Biology Letters, The Royal Society, doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0716.
Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Tom (4 July 4 2012). "Seaweed could fight tooth decay – scientists". Independent.ie. Check date values in: |date= (help)
Jump up ^ Kalishwaralal, Kalimuthu; Deepak, Venkataraman; Ram Kumar Pandian, Sureshbabu; Gurunathan, Sangiliyandi (1 November 2009). "Biological synthesis of gold nanocubes from Bacillus licheniformis". Bioresource Technology 100 (21): 5356–5358. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.05.051.
which Peat is said to have noted, upthread...
Bacillus licheniformis is a bacterium commonly found in the soil. It is found on bird feathers, especially chest and back plumage, and most often in ground-dwelling birds (like sparrows) and aquatic species (like ducks).
It is a gram-positive, mesophilic bacterium. Its optimal growth temperature is around 30°C, though it can survive at much higher temperatures. The optimal temperature for enzyme secretion is 37°C. It can exist in spore form to resist harsh environments, or in a vegetative state when conditions are good.
Scientists are currently exploring its ability to degrade feathers for agricultural purposes. Feathers contain high amounts of non-digestible proteins, but researchers hope that, through fermentation with B. licheniformis, they can use waste feathers to produce cheap and nutritious feather meal to feed livestock.
Ecological research is also being done looking at the interaction between plumage colors and B. licheniformis activity, and the consequences thereof. Feather degrading bacteria may have played an important role in the evolution of molting, and patterns in feather coloration (Gloger's Rule).
Biological laundry detergent
Bacillus licheniformis is cultured in order to obtain protease for use in biological laundry detergent. The bacterium is well adapted to grow in alkaline conditions, so the protease it produces can withstand high pH levels, making it ideal for this use - the other components of detergents create an alkaline pH. The protease has a pH optimum of between 9 and 10 and is added to laundry detergents in order to digest, and hence remove, dirt made of proteins. This allows for much lower temperatures to be used, resulting in lower energy use and a reduced risk of shrinkage of garments or loss of colored dyes.
Dental applications
In 2012, scientists from Newcastle University studying Bacillus licheniformis as a possible agent to clean ships' hulls isolated an enzyme that has proven to be an unexpected tooth decay fighter as it has the ability to cut through plaque or a layer of bacteria.[2]
Nanotech applications
Bacillus licheniformis can be used in synthesis of gold nanocubes.[3] Researchers have synthesized gold nanoparticles with sizes between 10 to 100 nanometres. Gold nanoparticles are usually synthesized at high temperatures, in organic solvents and using toxic reagents. The bacteria produce them in much milder conditions.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Edward H. Burtt, Max R. Schroeder, Lauren A. Smith, Jenna E. Sroka, Kevin J. McGraw (2010): Colourful parrot feathers resist bacterial degradation, Biology Letters, The Royal Society, doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0716.
Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Tom (4 July 4 2012). "Seaweed could fight tooth decay – scientists". Independent.ie. Check date values in: |date= (help)
Jump up ^ Kalishwaralal, Kalimuthu; Deepak, Venkataraman; Ram Kumar Pandian, Sureshbabu; Gurunathan, Sangiliyandi (1 November 2009). "Biological synthesis of gold nanocubes from Bacillus licheniformis". Bioresource Technology 100 (21): 5356–5358. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.05.051.
...and this from Wiki on Lactobacillus reuteri,
the other bacterium noted by Peat, upthread...
Lactobacillus reuteri is a Gram-positive bacterium that naturally inhabits the gut of mammals and birds. First described in the early 1980s, some strains of L. reuteri are used as probiotics. BioGaia AB in Sweden owns several commercially important strains and a large number of different patents for commercial usage of L. reuteri.
Though the species Lactobacillus reuteri has been recognized for some time, knowledge of its probiotic properties did not come until much later.
As early as the turn of the 20th century, L. reuteri was recorded in scientific classifications of lactic acid bacteria,[1] though at this time it was mistakenly grouped as a member of Lactobacillus fermentum. In the 1960s, further work by German microbiologist Gerhard Reuter – for whom the species eventually would be named – began to distinguish L. reuteri from L. fermentum. Reuter reclassified the species as "Lactobacillus fermentum biotype II".[2]
L. reuteri was eventually identified as a distinct species in 1980 by Kandler et al.[3] This group found significant differences between L. reuteri and other biotypes of L. fermentum, and thus proposed it be given formal species identity. They chose the species name "reuteri", after discoverer Gerhard Reuter, and L. reuteri has since been recognized as a separate species within the Lactobacillus genus.
Prevalence[edit]
In the early 1980s, shortly after its recognition as a distinct species, scientists began to find L. reuteri in many natural environments; it has been isolated from many foods, especially meat and milk products.[2][4][5]
Interest in L. reuteri began to increase as scientists began to find it colonizing the intestines of healthy animals. Gerhard Reuter first isolated L. reuteri from human fecal and intestinal samples in the 1960s, and this work was later repeated by other researchers.[6] The same experiments – attempting to isolate L. reuteri from feces and intestine of healthy animals – were also done for nonhuman species, proving that L. reuteri seems to be present almost universally throughout the animal kingdom. For example, L. reuteri was discovered to be present naturally in the intestines of healthy sheep, chickens,[7] pigs,[8] and rodents.[9]
Furthermore, a study searching for 18 major species of gut flora, including Lactobacillus acidophilus, in a variety of animals found L. reuteri was the only bacterium to constitute a "major component" of the Lactobacillus species present in the gut of each of the host animals tested.[10] It is now well-established as one of the most ubiquitous members of the naturally occurring gut bacteria.
In a related discovery, each animal host seems to have a host-specific strain of L. reuteri, e.g. a rat strain for rats, a pig strain for pigs, etc.[9][11] The universality of L. reuteri, in conjunction with this evolved host-specificity, has led scientists to make inferences about its importance in promoting the health of the host organism.[12]
Effects]
Antimicrobial
L. reuteri is known to produce reuterin,[13] reutericin 6,[14] and reutericyclin.[15]
Reuterin
In the late 1980s, Walter Dobrogosz, Ivan Casas, and their colleagues discovered L. reuteri produced a novel broad-spectrum antibiotic substance via the organism's fermentation of glycerol. They named this substance reuterin, also after Gerhard Reuter.[13] Reuterin is a multiple-compound dynamic equilibrium (HPA system, HPA) consisting of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde, its hydrate, and its dimer.[16][17] At concentrations above 1.4 M, the HPA dimer was predominant. However, at concentrations relevant for biological systems, HPA hydrate was the most abundant, followed by the aldehyde form.[18]
Reuterin was found to inhibit the growth of some harmful Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, along with yeasts, fungi, and protozoa.[19] Naturally, a gut organism capable of fighting off other, harmful gut organisms was of great interest. Researchers found L. reuteri can indeed secrete sufficient amounts of reuterin to cause the desired antimicrobial effects. Furthermore, since about four to five times the amount of reuterin is needed to kill "good" gut bacteria (i.e. L. reuteri and other Lactobacillus species) as "bad", this would allow L. reuteri to remove gut invaders while keeping normal gut flora intact.[12]
Some studies have called into question whether or not reuterin production is essential for L. reuteri 's health-promoting activity. However, the discovery that it naturally produces an antibiotic substance was nevertheless important, as it has led to a great deal of further research. In fact, in early 2008, L. reuteri was confirmed to be capable of producing reuterin in the gastrointestinal tract, and this improves its ability to inhibit the growth of E. coli.[20]
The gene cluster controlling the biosynthesis of reuterin and cobalamin in the L. reuteri genome is a genomic island acquired from an anomalous source.[21]
Clinical results in humans
Although L. reuteri occurs naturally in humans, it is not found in all individuals. Therefore, dietary supplementation is needed to introduce and maintain high levels of it in some people. Oral intake of L. reuteri has been shown to effectively colonize the intestine of healthy people; colonization begins rapidly within days of ingestion, although the levels in the body drop within several months after intake is stopped.[22] Furthermore, L. reuteri is found in breast milk,[23] and oral intake on the mother's part likewise increases the amount of L. reuteri present in her milk, and the likelihood that it will be transferred to the child's body.[24]
Once present in the body, L. reuteri benefits its host in a variety of ways, particularly by fighting off harmful infections and mediating the body's immune system.
Safety
L. reuteri has been tested for host tolerance in children,[25] healthy adults,[26] and the immunosuppressed (HIV patients).[27] No adverse serious medical consequences have been observed up to the maximum tested dosage of 1010 colony-forming units per day, and no significant differences in standard medical laboratory tests were found, including complete blood count, urinalysis, complete metabolic panel, and liver function tests between those subjects given L. reuteri and those given placebo.
Intestinal health
One of the most well-documented effects of L. reuteri is in the treatment of rotavirus-induced diarrhea, especially in children. Treatment of rotaviral diarrhea by consumption of L. reuteri significantly shortens the duration of the illness as compared to placebo. Furthermore, this effect is dose-dependent: the more L. reuteri consumed, the faster the diarrhea stops.[28] L. reuteri is also effective as a prophylactic for this illness; children fed it while healthy are less likely to fall ill with diarrhea in the first place.[29] With regard to prevention of gut infections, comparative research has found L. reuteri to be more potent than other probiotic organisms.[30][31] It has also been found in animal research to reduce motor complexes and thus intestinal motility.[32]
L. reuteri is also an effective treatment against infant colic. Over a period of several weeks, infants who are given L. reuteri steadily decrease the amount of time each day spent crying – the defining symptom of colic. In fact, it was much better in decreasing the infants' crying time than the standard therapy of simethicone treatment.[33] A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 50 exclusively breast-fed, colicky infants found a significant decrease in daily crying time amounts when treated with L. reuteri DSM 17 938 compared with placebo. It further found a significant increase in lactobacilli colonization, a decrease in fecal Escherichia coli and ammonia when compared with placebo.[34] However, colic is still poorly understood, and it is not clear why or how L. reuteri ameliorates its symptoms. One theory of colic, though, holds that affected infants cry because of severe gastrointestinal discomfort; if this is indeed the case, it is quite plausible that L. reuteri somehow acts to lessen this discomfort, since its primary residence is inside the gut.
Growing evidence indicates L. reuteri is capable of fighting the gut pathogen Helicobacter pylori, which causes peptic ulcers and is endemic in parts of the developing world. One study showed dietary supplementation of L. reuteri alone reduces, but does not fully eradicate, H. pylori in the gut.[35] Another study found the addition of L. reuteri to omeprazole therapy dramatically increased (from 0% to 60%) the cure rate of H. pylori-infected patients compared to the drug alone.[36] Yet another study showed L. reuteri effectively suppressed H. pylori infection and decreased the occurrence of dyspeptic symptoms, although it did not improve the outcome of antibiotic therapy.[37]
Oral health
L. reuteri may also be capable of promoting dental health, as it has been proven to kill Streptococcus mutans, a bacterium responsible for tooth decay. A screen of several probiotic bacteria found L. reuteri was the only species of those tested able to block S. mutans. Before testing in humans was begun, another study showed L. reuteri had no harmful effects on teeth. Clinical trials have since proven those people whose mouths are colonized with L. reuteri (via dietary supplementation) have significantly less of the harmful S. mutans.[38] Since these studies have been short-term, it is not yet known whether L. reuteri prevents tooth decay. However, since it is able to reduce the numbers of an important decay-causing bacterium, this would be expected.
Gingivitis also may be ameliorated by consumption of L. reuteri. Patients afflicted with severe gingivitis showed decreased gum bleeding, plaque formation, and other gingivitis-associated symptoms compared with placebo after chewing gum containing L. reuteri.[39]
General health
By protecting against many common infections, L. reuteri promotes overall wellness in both children and adults. Double-blind, randomized studies in child care centers have found L. reuteri-fed infants fall sick less often, require fewer doctor visits, and are absent fewer days from the day care center compared to placebo and to the competing probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis.[40]
Similar results have been found in adults; those consuming L. reuteri daily end up falling ill 50% less often, as measured by their decrease use of sick leave.[41]
Results in animal models
Scientific studies that require harming the subjects (for example, exposing them to a dangerous virus) cannot be conducted in humans. Therefore, many of the benefits of L. reuteri have been studied only in different animal species, such as pigs and mice. Given the similarity of mammalian species, however, it is likely – though not scientifically proven – that these benefits hold true for humans, as well.
In general, animal studies on L. reuteri are done using the species-specific strain of the bacterium (see above).
Protection against pathogens
L. reuteri confers a high level of resistance to the pathogen Salmonella typhimurium, halving mortality rates in mice.[42] The same is true for chickens[43] and turkeys; L. reuteri greatly moderates the morbidity and mortality caused by this dangerous food-borne pathogen.
L. reuteri is also effective in stopping harmful strains of E. coli from affecting their hosts. A study performed in chickens showed L. reuteri was as potent as the antibiotic gentamicin in preventing E. coli-related deaths.[44]
The protozoic parasite Cryptosporidium parvum causes severe watery diarrhea, which can become life-threatening if the patient is immunocompromised (as in individuals infected with HIV). L. reuteri is known to lessen the symptoms of C. parvum infection in mice[45] and pigs.[12] With no known direct treatment for C. parvum (the antibiotic paromomycin has limited effect),[46] L. reuteri may prove valuable in protecting patients suffering from this disease.
Some protective effect against the yeast Candida albicans has been found in mice, but in this case, L. reuteri did not work as well as other probiotic organisms, such as L. acidophilus and L. casei.[47]
General health
In young commercial livestock, such as turkey poults and piglets, body weight and growth rate are good indicators of the health of the animal. Animals raised in the dirty, crowded environments of commercial farms are generally less healthy (and therefore weigh less) than their counterparts born and bred in cleaner homes. In turkeys, for example, this phenomenon is known as "poult growth depression", or PGD.[48]
Supplementing the diets of these young farm animals with L. reuteri helps them to largely overcome the stresses imposed by their unhealthy habitats. Commercial turkeys fed L. reuteri from birth had nearly a 10% higher adult body weight than their peers raised in the same conditions.[49] A similar study on piglets showed L. reuteri is at least as effective as synthetic antibiotics in improving body weight under crowded conditions.[50]
The mechanism by which L. reuteri is able to support the healthy growth of these animals is not entirely understood. It possibly serves to protect livestock against illness caused by Salmonella typhimurium and other pathogens (see above), which are much more common in crowded commercial farms. However, other studies have revealed it can also help when the growth depression is caused entirely by a lack of dietary protein, and not by contagious disease.[51] This raises the possibility that L. reuteri somehow improves the intestines' ability to absorb and process nutrients.[12]
Chemical and trauma-induced injury
Treating colonic tissue from rats with acetic acid causes an injury similar to the human condition ulcerative colitis. Treating the injured tissue with L. reuteri immediately after removing the acid almost completely reverses any ill effects,[52] leading to the possibility that L. reuteri may be beneficial in the treatment of human colitis patients.
In addition to its role in digestion, the intestinal wall is also vital in preventing harmful bacteria, endotoxins, etc., from "leaking" into the bloodstream. This leaking, known as bacterial "translocation", is very dangerous and can lead to lethal conditions such as sepsis. In humans, translocation is more likely to occur following such events as liver injury and ingestion of some poisons. In rodent studies, L. reuteri was found to greatly reduce the amount of bacterial translocation following either the surgical removal of the liver[53] or injection with D-galactosamine,[54] a chemical which also causes liver damage.
The anticancer drug methotrexate causes severe enterocolitis in high doses. L. reuteri greatly mitigates the symptoms of methotrexate-induced enterocolitis in rats, one of which is bacterial translocation.[55]
References
Jump up ^ Orla-Jensen, S. 1919. The lactic acid Bacteria. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskasbernes Selskab. Naturvidenskabelige mathematiske Afdeling, NS 8.5.2
^ Jump up to: a b Reuter G. (1965). "Das vorkommen von laktobazillen in lebensmitteln und ihr verhalten im menschlichen intestinaltrakt". Zbl Bak Parasit Infec Hyg I Orig 197 (S): 468–87.
Jump up ^ Kandler O., Stetter K., Kohl R. (1980). "Lactobacillus reuteri sp. nov. a new species of heterofermentative lactobacilli". Zbl. Bakt. Hyg. Abt. Orig. C1: 264–9.
Jump up ^ Lerche M, Reuter G (1965). "Das vorkommen aerob wachsender grampositiver stabchen des genus Lactobacuillus beijerinck im darminhalt erwachsener menchen". Zbl Bak Parasit Infec Hyg I Orig 185 (S): 446–81.
Jump up ^ Dellaglio F, Arrizza FS, Leda A (1981). "Classification of citratefermenting lactobacilli isolated from lamb stomach, sheep milk, and pecorino romano cheese". Zbl Bakt Hyg Abt Orig C2: 349–56.
Jump up ^ Molin G, Jeppsson B, Johansson ML, et al. (March 1993). "Numerical taxonomy of Lactobacillus spp. associated with healthy and diseased mucosa of the human intestines". J. Appl. Bacteriol. 74 (3): 314–23. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb03031.x. PMID 8468264.
Jump up ^ Sarra PG, Dellaglio F, Bottazzi V (1985). "Taxonomy of lactobacilli isolated from the alimentary tract of chickens". Syst Appl Microbiol 6: 86–9. doi:10.1016/s0723-2020(85)80017-5.
Jump up ^ Naito S, Hayashidani H, Kaneko K, Ogawa M, Benno Y (August 1995). "Development of intestinal lactobacilli in normal piglets". J. Appl. Bacteriol. 79 (2): 230–6. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1995.tb00940.x. PMID 7592119.
^ Jump up to: a b Molin G, Johansson ML, Ståhl M, et al. (April 1992). "Systematics of the Lactobacillus population on rat intestinal mucosa with special reference to Lactobacillus reuteri". Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 61 (3): 175–83. doi:10.1007/BF00584224. PMID 1325752.
Jump up ^ Mitsuoka T (1992). "The human gastrointestinal tract". In Wood BJB. The lactic acid bacteria in health and disease. 1. The lactic acid bacteria. New York: Elsevier Applied Science. pp. 69–114.
Jump up ^ Casas IA, Dobrogosz WJ (1997). "Lactobacillus reuteri: An overview of a new probiotic for humans and animals". Microecol Therap 25: 221–31.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Casas, Ivan A., Dobrogosz, Walter J. (December 1, 2000). "Validation of the Probiotic Concept: Lactobacillus reuteri Confers Broad-spectrum Protection against Disease in Humans and Animals". Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 12 (4).
^ Jump up to: a b Talarico TL, Casas IA, Chung TC, Dobrogosz WJ (1988). "Production and isolation of reuterin, a growth inhibitor produced by Lactobacillus reuteri". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 32 (12): 1854–8. doi:10.1128/aac.32.12.1854. PMC 176032. PMID 3245697. Retrieved 2015-01-19.
Jump up ^ Kabuki T, Saito T, Kawai Y, Uemura J, Itoh T (1997). "Production, purification and characterization of reutericin 6, a bacteriocin with lytic activity produced by Lactobacillus reuteri LA6". International Journal of Food Microbiology 34 (2): 145–56. doi:10.1016/s0168-1605(96)01180-4. PMID 9039561. Retrieved 2015-01-19.
Jump up ^ Gänzle MG, Höltzel A, Walter J, Jung G, Hammes WP (2000). "Characterization of reutericyclin produced by Lactobacillus reuteri LTH2584". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66 (10): 4325–33. doi:10.1128/aem.66.10.4325-4333.2000. PMC 92303. PMID 11010877. Retrieved 2015-01-19.
Jump up ^ Hall RH, Stern ES (1950). "Acid-catalysed hydration of acrylalde. Kinetics of the reaction and isolation of β-hydroxypropionaldehyde". J Chem Soc: 490–8. doi:10.1039/jr9500000490.
Jump up ^ Nielsen AT, Moore DW, Schuetze Jr. A. "13C and 1H NMR study of formaldehyde reactions with acetaldehyde and acrolein. Synthesis of 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol". Pol J Chem 55: 1393–1403.
Jump up ^ Vollenweider S, Grassi G, König I, Puhan Z (May 2003). "Purification and structural characterization of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde and its derivatives". J. Agric. Food Chem. 51 (11): 3287–93. doi:10.1021/jf021086d. PMID 12744656.
Jump up ^ Talarico TL, Dobrogosz WJ (May 1989). "Chemical characterization of an antimicrobial substance produced by Lactobacillus reuteri". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 33 (5): 674–9. doi:10.1128/aac.33.5.674. PMC 172512. PMID 2751282.
Jump up ^ Cleusix V, Lacroix C, Vollenweider S, Le Blay G (January 2008). "Glycerol induces reuterin production and decreases Escherichia coli population in an in vitro model of colonic fermentation with immobilized human feces". FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 63 (1): 56–64. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00412.x. PMID 18028400.
Jump up ^ Morita H, Toh H, Fukuda S, et al. (June 2008). "Comparative genome analysis of Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus fermentum reveal a genomic island for reuterin and cobalamin production". DNA Res. 15 (3): 151–61. doi:10.1093/dnares/dsn009. PMC 2650639. PMID 18487258.
Jump up ^ Wolf BW, Garleb KA, Ataya DG, Casas IA (1995). "Safety and tolerance of Lactobacillus reuteri in healthy adult male subjects". Microbial Ecol Health Dis 8 (2): 41–50. doi:10.3109/08910609509141381.
Jump up ^ Sinkiewicz G, Nordström EA (2005). "Occurrence of Lactobacillus reuteri, lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in human breast milk". Pediatr Res 58 (2): 415, abstract 353. doi:10.1203/00006450-200508000-00381.
Jump up ^ Abrahamsson T, Jakobsson T, Sinkiewicz G, Fredriksson M, Björkstén B. "Intestinal microbiota in infants supplemented with the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri". J Ped Gastroenterol Nutr 40 (5): 692, abstract PN 1–17. doi:10.1097/00005176-200505000-00232.
Jump up ^ Ruiz-Palacios G, Tuz F, Arteaga F, Guerrero ML, Dohnalek M, Hilty M (1992). "Tolerance and fecal colonization with Lactobacillus reuteri in children fed a beverage with a mixture of Lactobacillus spp". Pediatr Res 39: 1090 Abstract.
Jump up ^ Wolf BW, Garleb KA, Ataya DG, Casas IA (1995). "Safety and tolerance of Lactobacillus reuteri in healthy adult male subjects". Microbial Ecol Health Dis 8 (2): 41–50. doi:10.3109/08910609509141381.
Jump up ^ Wolf BW, Wheeler KB, Ataya DG, Garleb KA (December 1998). "Safety and tolerance of Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation to a population infected with the human immunodeficiency virus". Food Chem. Toxicol. 36 (12): 1085–94. doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(98)00090-8. PMID 9862651.
Jump up ^ Shornikova AV, Casas IA, Mykkänen H, Salo E, Vesikari T (December 1997). "Bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus reuteri in rotavirus gastroenteritis". Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 16 (12): 1103–7. doi:10.1097/00006454-199712000-00002. PMID 9427453.
Jump up ^ Ruiz-Palacios G, Guerrero ML, Hilty M (1996). "Feeding of a probiotic for the prevention of community-acquired diarrhea in young Mexican children". Pediatr Res 39 (4 Part 2): 184A, abstract 1089. doi:10.1203/00006450-199604001-01111.
Jump up ^ Romeo MG, Betta P, Oliveri S. (2006) Presented at the 5th Annual meeting of the Italian Society of Perinatal Medicine, Parma, Italy, 15–17 June 2006. Abstract published in J Perinat Med 34(Suppl 1): A9, abstract MSL_24.
Jump up ^ Guerrero M, Dohnalek M, Newton P, Kuznetsova O, Ruiz-Palacios G, Murphy T, Calva J, Hilty M, Costigan T., 1st World Congress of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Dec. 1996, abstract no. 610:45-2.
Jump up ^ Wang, B.; Mao, YK.; Diorio, C.; Pasyk, M.; Wu, RY.; Bienenstock, J.; Kunze, WA. (Oct 2010). "Luminal administration ex vivo of a live Lactobacillus species moderates mouse jejunal motility within minutes.". FASEB J 24 (10): 4078–88. doi:10.1096/fj.09-153841. PMID 20519636.
Jump up ^ Savino F., Pelle E., Palumeri E., Oggero R. and Miniero R. (2007). "Lactobacillus reuteri (ATCC strain 55730) versus simethicone in the treatment of infantile colic: a prospective randomized study". Pediatrics 119 (1): 124–130. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1222. PMID 17200238.
Jump up ^ Savino F., Cordisco L.,Tarasco V., Palumeri E., Calabrese R., Oggero R., Roos S. and Diego Matteuzzi. (2010). "Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 in Infantile Colic: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial". Pediatrics 126 (3): e526–e533. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-0433. PMID 20713478.
Jump up ^ Imase K, Tanaka A, Tokunaga K, Sugano H, Ishida H, Takahashi S (July 2007). "Lactobacillus reuteri tablets suppress Helicobacter pylori infection—a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled cross-over clinical study". Kansenshōgaku Zasshi 81 (4): 387–93. PMID 17695792.
Jump up ^ Saggioro A, Caroli M, Pasini M, Bortoluzzi F, Girardi L, Pilone G (2005). "Helicobacter pylori eradication with Lactobacillus reuteri. A double blind placebo-controlled study". Dig Liver Dis 37 (Suppl 1): S88, abstr. PO1.49.
Jump up ^ Francavilla R, Lionetti E, Castellaneta SP, et al. (April 2008). "Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori infection in humans by Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 and effect on eradication therapy: a pilot study". Helicobacter 13 (2): 127–34. doi:10.1111/j.1523-5378.2008.00593.x. PMID 18321302.
Jump up ^ Nikawa H, Makihira S, Fukushima H, et al. (September 2004). "Lactobacillus reuteri in bovine milk fermented decreases the oral carriage of mutans streptococci". Int. J. Food Microbiol. 95 (2): 219–23. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.006. PMID 15282133.
Jump up ^ Krasse P, Carlsson B, Dahl C, Paulsson A, Nilsson A, Sinkiewicz G (2006). "Decreased gum bleeding and reduced gingivitis by the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri". Swed Dent J 30 (2): 55–60. PMID 16878680.
Jump up ^ Weizman Z, Asli G, Alsheikh A (January 2005). "Effect of a probiotic infant formula on infections in child care centers: comparison of two probiotic agents". Pediatrics 115 (1): 5–9. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1815. PMID 15629974.
Jump up ^ Tubelius P, Stan V, Zachrisson A (2005). "Increasing work-place healthiness with the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri: a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled study". Environ Health 4: 25. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-4-25. PMC 1298318. PMID 16274475.
Jump up ^ Carbajal N, Sriburi A, Carter P, Dobrogosz W, Casas, I. Probiotic administrations of Lactobacillus reuteri protect mice from Salmonella typhimurium infection. Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Gnotobiotics. 1998 Jun 14–16; Bethesda (MD): Association for Gnotobiotics; 1998.
Jump up ^ Casas IA, Edens FW, Dobrogosz WJ. Lactobacillus reuteri: an effective probiotic for poultry and other animals. Lactic acid bacteria, 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1998: 475–518.
Jump up ^ Edens FW, Parkhurst CR, Casas IA, Dobrogosz WJ (January 1997). "Principles of ex ovo competitive exclusion and in ovo administration of Lactobacillus reuteri". Poult. Sci. 76 (1): 179–96. doi:10.1093/ps/76.1.179. PMID 9037704.
Jump up ^ Alak JI, Wolf BW, Mdurvwa EG, Pimentel-Smith GE, Adeyemo O (January 1997). "Effect of Lactobacillus reuteri on intestinal resistance to Cryptosporidium parvum infection in a murine model of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome". J. Infect. Dis. 175 (1): 218–21. doi:10.1093/infdis/175.1.218. PMID 8985225.
Jump up ^ Cryptosporidium parvum
Jump up ^ Wagner RD, Pierson C, Warner T, et al. (October 1997). "Biotherapeutic effects of probiotic bacteria on candidiasis in immunodeficient mice". Infect. Immun. 65 (10): 4165–72. PMC 175599. PMID 9317023.
Jump up ^ Barnes JH (1993). "Evaluating poult growth and productivity during brooding". Turkeys 41: 23–4.
Jump up ^ Casas IA, Edens FW, Parkhurst CR, Dobrogosz WJ (1998). "Probiotic treatment with Lactobacillus reuteri protects commercial turkeys from avian growth depression". Biosci Microflora 17: 141–7. doi:10.12938/bifidus1996.17.141.
Jump up ^ Blanchard P, Gill P, Schulze H. Efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri 1063-IA in pre- and post-weaning pigs. Hertfordshire SG5 4JG (UK): MLC Stotfold Pig Development Unit; 1998. Study Reference No. FF9801.
Jump up ^ Dunham HJ, Casas IA, Edens FW, Parkhurst CR, Garlich JD, Dobrogosz WJ (1998). "Avian growth depression in chickens induced by environmental, microbiological, or nutritional stress is moderated by probiotic administrations of Lactobacillus reuteri". Biosci Microflora 17: 133–9. doi:10.12938/bifidus1996.17.133.
Jump up ^ Fabia R, Ar'Rajab A, Johansson ML, et al. (February 1993). "The effect of exogenous administration of Lactobacillus reuteri R2LC and oat fiber on acetic acid-induced colitis in the rat". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 28 (2): 155–62. doi:10.3109/00365529309096063. PMID 8382837.
Jump up ^ Wang XD, Soltesz V, Molin G, Andersson R (February 1995). "The role of oral administration of oatmeal fermented by Lactobacillus reuteri R2LC on bacterial translocation after acute liver failure induced by subtotal liver resection in the rat". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 30 (2): 180–5. doi:10.3109/00365529509093259. PMID 7732342.
Jump up ^ Adawi D, Kasravi FB, Molin G, Jeppsson B (March 1997). "Effect of Lactobacillus supplementation with and without arginine on liver damage and bacterial translocation in an acute liver injury model in the rat". Hepatology 25 (3): 642–7. doi:10.1002/hep.510250325. PMID 9049212.
Jump up ^ Mao Y, Nobaek S, Kasravi B, et al. (August 1996). "The effects of Lactobacillus strains and oat fiber on methotrexate-induced enterocolitis in rats". Gastroenterology 111 (2): 334–44. doi:10.1053/gast.1996.v111.pm8690198. PMID 8690198.
the other bacterium noted by Peat, upthread...
Lactobacillus reuteri is a Gram-positive bacterium that naturally inhabits the gut of mammals and birds. First described in the early 1980s, some strains of L. reuteri are used as probiotics. BioGaia AB in Sweden owns several commercially important strains and a large number of different patents for commercial usage of L. reuteri.
Though the species Lactobacillus reuteri has been recognized for some time, knowledge of its probiotic properties did not come until much later.
As early as the turn of the 20th century, L. reuteri was recorded in scientific classifications of lactic acid bacteria,[1] though at this time it was mistakenly grouped as a member of Lactobacillus fermentum. In the 1960s, further work by German microbiologist Gerhard Reuter – for whom the species eventually would be named – began to distinguish L. reuteri from L. fermentum. Reuter reclassified the species as "Lactobacillus fermentum biotype II".[2]
L. reuteri was eventually identified as a distinct species in 1980 by Kandler et al.[3] This group found significant differences between L. reuteri and other biotypes of L. fermentum, and thus proposed it be given formal species identity. They chose the species name "reuteri", after discoverer Gerhard Reuter, and L. reuteri has since been recognized as a separate species within the Lactobacillus genus.
Prevalence[edit]
In the early 1980s, shortly after its recognition as a distinct species, scientists began to find L. reuteri in many natural environments; it has been isolated from many foods, especially meat and milk products.[2][4][5]
Interest in L. reuteri began to increase as scientists began to find it colonizing the intestines of healthy animals. Gerhard Reuter first isolated L. reuteri from human fecal and intestinal samples in the 1960s, and this work was later repeated by other researchers.[6] The same experiments – attempting to isolate L. reuteri from feces and intestine of healthy animals – were also done for nonhuman species, proving that L. reuteri seems to be present almost universally throughout the animal kingdom. For example, L. reuteri was discovered to be present naturally in the intestines of healthy sheep, chickens,[7] pigs,[8] and rodents.[9]
Furthermore, a study searching for 18 major species of gut flora, including Lactobacillus acidophilus, in a variety of animals found L. reuteri was the only bacterium to constitute a "major component" of the Lactobacillus species present in the gut of each of the host animals tested.[10] It is now well-established as one of the most ubiquitous members of the naturally occurring gut bacteria.
In a related discovery, each animal host seems to have a host-specific strain of L. reuteri, e.g. a rat strain for rats, a pig strain for pigs, etc.[9][11] The universality of L. reuteri, in conjunction with this evolved host-specificity, has led scientists to make inferences about its importance in promoting the health of the host organism.[12]
Effects]
Antimicrobial
L. reuteri is known to produce reuterin,[13] reutericin 6,[14] and reutericyclin.[15]
Reuterin
In the late 1980s, Walter Dobrogosz, Ivan Casas, and their colleagues discovered L. reuteri produced a novel broad-spectrum antibiotic substance via the organism's fermentation of glycerol. They named this substance reuterin, also after Gerhard Reuter.[13] Reuterin is a multiple-compound dynamic equilibrium (HPA system, HPA) consisting of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde, its hydrate, and its dimer.[16][17] At concentrations above 1.4 M, the HPA dimer was predominant. However, at concentrations relevant for biological systems, HPA hydrate was the most abundant, followed by the aldehyde form.[18]
Reuterin was found to inhibit the growth of some harmful Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, along with yeasts, fungi, and protozoa.[19] Naturally, a gut organism capable of fighting off other, harmful gut organisms was of great interest. Researchers found L. reuteri can indeed secrete sufficient amounts of reuterin to cause the desired antimicrobial effects. Furthermore, since about four to five times the amount of reuterin is needed to kill "good" gut bacteria (i.e. L. reuteri and other Lactobacillus species) as "bad", this would allow L. reuteri to remove gut invaders while keeping normal gut flora intact.[12]
Some studies have called into question whether or not reuterin production is essential for L. reuteri 's health-promoting activity. However, the discovery that it naturally produces an antibiotic substance was nevertheless important, as it has led to a great deal of further research. In fact, in early 2008, L. reuteri was confirmed to be capable of producing reuterin in the gastrointestinal tract, and this improves its ability to inhibit the growth of E. coli.[20]
The gene cluster controlling the biosynthesis of reuterin and cobalamin in the L. reuteri genome is a genomic island acquired from an anomalous source.[21]
Clinical results in humans
Although L. reuteri occurs naturally in humans, it is not found in all individuals. Therefore, dietary supplementation is needed to introduce and maintain high levels of it in some people. Oral intake of L. reuteri has been shown to effectively colonize the intestine of healthy people; colonization begins rapidly within days of ingestion, although the levels in the body drop within several months after intake is stopped.[22] Furthermore, L. reuteri is found in breast milk,[23] and oral intake on the mother's part likewise increases the amount of L. reuteri present in her milk, and the likelihood that it will be transferred to the child's body.[24]
Once present in the body, L. reuteri benefits its host in a variety of ways, particularly by fighting off harmful infections and mediating the body's immune system.
Safety
L. reuteri has been tested for host tolerance in children,[25] healthy adults,[26] and the immunosuppressed (HIV patients).[27] No adverse serious medical consequences have been observed up to the maximum tested dosage of 1010 colony-forming units per day, and no significant differences in standard medical laboratory tests were found, including complete blood count, urinalysis, complete metabolic panel, and liver function tests between those subjects given L. reuteri and those given placebo.
Intestinal health
One of the most well-documented effects of L. reuteri is in the treatment of rotavirus-induced diarrhea, especially in children. Treatment of rotaviral diarrhea by consumption of L. reuteri significantly shortens the duration of the illness as compared to placebo. Furthermore, this effect is dose-dependent: the more L. reuteri consumed, the faster the diarrhea stops.[28] L. reuteri is also effective as a prophylactic for this illness; children fed it while healthy are less likely to fall ill with diarrhea in the first place.[29] With regard to prevention of gut infections, comparative research has found L. reuteri to be more potent than other probiotic organisms.[30][31] It has also been found in animal research to reduce motor complexes and thus intestinal motility.[32]
L. reuteri is also an effective treatment against infant colic. Over a period of several weeks, infants who are given L. reuteri steadily decrease the amount of time each day spent crying – the defining symptom of colic. In fact, it was much better in decreasing the infants' crying time than the standard therapy of simethicone treatment.[33] A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 50 exclusively breast-fed, colicky infants found a significant decrease in daily crying time amounts when treated with L. reuteri DSM 17 938 compared with placebo. It further found a significant increase in lactobacilli colonization, a decrease in fecal Escherichia coli and ammonia when compared with placebo.[34] However, colic is still poorly understood, and it is not clear why or how L. reuteri ameliorates its symptoms. One theory of colic, though, holds that affected infants cry because of severe gastrointestinal discomfort; if this is indeed the case, it is quite plausible that L. reuteri somehow acts to lessen this discomfort, since its primary residence is inside the gut.
Growing evidence indicates L. reuteri is capable of fighting the gut pathogen Helicobacter pylori, which causes peptic ulcers and is endemic in parts of the developing world. One study showed dietary supplementation of L. reuteri alone reduces, but does not fully eradicate, H. pylori in the gut.[35] Another study found the addition of L. reuteri to omeprazole therapy dramatically increased (from 0% to 60%) the cure rate of H. pylori-infected patients compared to the drug alone.[36] Yet another study showed L. reuteri effectively suppressed H. pylori infection and decreased the occurrence of dyspeptic symptoms, although it did not improve the outcome of antibiotic therapy.[37]
Oral health
L. reuteri may also be capable of promoting dental health, as it has been proven to kill Streptococcus mutans, a bacterium responsible for tooth decay. A screen of several probiotic bacteria found L. reuteri was the only species of those tested able to block S. mutans. Before testing in humans was begun, another study showed L. reuteri had no harmful effects on teeth. Clinical trials have since proven those people whose mouths are colonized with L. reuteri (via dietary supplementation) have significantly less of the harmful S. mutans.[38] Since these studies have been short-term, it is not yet known whether L. reuteri prevents tooth decay. However, since it is able to reduce the numbers of an important decay-causing bacterium, this would be expected.
Gingivitis also may be ameliorated by consumption of L. reuteri. Patients afflicted with severe gingivitis showed decreased gum bleeding, plaque formation, and other gingivitis-associated symptoms compared with placebo after chewing gum containing L. reuteri.[39]
General health
By protecting against many common infections, L. reuteri promotes overall wellness in both children and adults. Double-blind, randomized studies in child care centers have found L. reuteri-fed infants fall sick less often, require fewer doctor visits, and are absent fewer days from the day care center compared to placebo and to the competing probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis.[40]
Similar results have been found in adults; those consuming L. reuteri daily end up falling ill 50% less often, as measured by their decrease use of sick leave.[41]
Results in animal models
Scientific studies that require harming the subjects (for example, exposing them to a dangerous virus) cannot be conducted in humans. Therefore, many of the benefits of L. reuteri have been studied only in different animal species, such as pigs and mice. Given the similarity of mammalian species, however, it is likely – though not scientifically proven – that these benefits hold true for humans, as well.
In general, animal studies on L. reuteri are done using the species-specific strain of the bacterium (see above).
Protection against pathogens
L. reuteri confers a high level of resistance to the pathogen Salmonella typhimurium, halving mortality rates in mice.[42] The same is true for chickens[43] and turkeys; L. reuteri greatly moderates the morbidity and mortality caused by this dangerous food-borne pathogen.
L. reuteri is also effective in stopping harmful strains of E. coli from affecting their hosts. A study performed in chickens showed L. reuteri was as potent as the antibiotic gentamicin in preventing E. coli-related deaths.[44]
The protozoic parasite Cryptosporidium parvum causes severe watery diarrhea, which can become life-threatening if the patient is immunocompromised (as in individuals infected with HIV). L. reuteri is known to lessen the symptoms of C. parvum infection in mice[45] and pigs.[12] With no known direct treatment for C. parvum (the antibiotic paromomycin has limited effect),[46] L. reuteri may prove valuable in protecting patients suffering from this disease.
Some protective effect against the yeast Candida albicans has been found in mice, but in this case, L. reuteri did not work as well as other probiotic organisms, such as L. acidophilus and L. casei.[47]
General health
In young commercial livestock, such as turkey poults and piglets, body weight and growth rate are good indicators of the health of the animal. Animals raised in the dirty, crowded environments of commercial farms are generally less healthy (and therefore weigh less) than their counterparts born and bred in cleaner homes. In turkeys, for example, this phenomenon is known as "poult growth depression", or PGD.[48]
Supplementing the diets of these young farm animals with L. reuteri helps them to largely overcome the stresses imposed by their unhealthy habitats. Commercial turkeys fed L. reuteri from birth had nearly a 10% higher adult body weight than their peers raised in the same conditions.[49] A similar study on piglets showed L. reuteri is at least as effective as synthetic antibiotics in improving body weight under crowded conditions.[50]
The mechanism by which L. reuteri is able to support the healthy growth of these animals is not entirely understood. It possibly serves to protect livestock against illness caused by Salmonella typhimurium and other pathogens (see above), which are much more common in crowded commercial farms. However, other studies have revealed it can also help when the growth depression is caused entirely by a lack of dietary protein, and not by contagious disease.[51] This raises the possibility that L. reuteri somehow improves the intestines' ability to absorb and process nutrients.[12]
Chemical and trauma-induced injury
Treating colonic tissue from rats with acetic acid causes an injury similar to the human condition ulcerative colitis. Treating the injured tissue with L. reuteri immediately after removing the acid almost completely reverses any ill effects,[52] leading to the possibility that L. reuteri may be beneficial in the treatment of human colitis patients.
In addition to its role in digestion, the intestinal wall is also vital in preventing harmful bacteria, endotoxins, etc., from "leaking" into the bloodstream. This leaking, known as bacterial "translocation", is very dangerous and can lead to lethal conditions such as sepsis. In humans, translocation is more likely to occur following such events as liver injury and ingestion of some poisons. In rodent studies, L. reuteri was found to greatly reduce the amount of bacterial translocation following either the surgical removal of the liver[53] or injection with D-galactosamine,[54] a chemical which also causes liver damage.
The anticancer drug methotrexate causes severe enterocolitis in high doses. L. reuteri greatly mitigates the symptoms of methotrexate-induced enterocolitis in rats, one of which is bacterial translocation.[55]
References
Jump up ^ Orla-Jensen, S. 1919. The lactic acid Bacteria. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskasbernes Selskab. Naturvidenskabelige mathematiske Afdeling, NS 8.5.2
^ Jump up to: a b Reuter G. (1965). "Das vorkommen von laktobazillen in lebensmitteln und ihr verhalten im menschlichen intestinaltrakt". Zbl Bak Parasit Infec Hyg I Orig 197 (S): 468–87.
Jump up ^ Kandler O., Stetter K., Kohl R. (1980). "Lactobacillus reuteri sp. nov. a new species of heterofermentative lactobacilli". Zbl. Bakt. Hyg. Abt. Orig. C1: 264–9.
Jump up ^ Lerche M, Reuter G (1965). "Das vorkommen aerob wachsender grampositiver stabchen des genus Lactobacuillus beijerinck im darminhalt erwachsener menchen". Zbl Bak Parasit Infec Hyg I Orig 185 (S): 446–81.
Jump up ^ Dellaglio F, Arrizza FS, Leda A (1981). "Classification of citratefermenting lactobacilli isolated from lamb stomach, sheep milk, and pecorino romano cheese". Zbl Bakt Hyg Abt Orig C2: 349–56.
Jump up ^ Molin G, Jeppsson B, Johansson ML, et al. (March 1993). "Numerical taxonomy of Lactobacillus spp. associated with healthy and diseased mucosa of the human intestines". J. Appl. Bacteriol. 74 (3): 314–23. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb03031.x. PMID 8468264.
Jump up ^ Sarra PG, Dellaglio F, Bottazzi V (1985). "Taxonomy of lactobacilli isolated from the alimentary tract of chickens". Syst Appl Microbiol 6: 86–9. doi:10.1016/s0723-2020(85)80017-5.
Jump up ^ Naito S, Hayashidani H, Kaneko K, Ogawa M, Benno Y (August 1995). "Development of intestinal lactobacilli in normal piglets". J. Appl. Bacteriol. 79 (2): 230–6. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1995.tb00940.x. PMID 7592119.
^ Jump up to: a b Molin G, Johansson ML, Ståhl M, et al. (April 1992). "Systematics of the Lactobacillus population on rat intestinal mucosa with special reference to Lactobacillus reuteri". Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 61 (3): 175–83. doi:10.1007/BF00584224. PMID 1325752.
Jump up ^ Mitsuoka T (1992). "The human gastrointestinal tract". In Wood BJB. The lactic acid bacteria in health and disease. 1. The lactic acid bacteria. New York: Elsevier Applied Science. pp. 69–114.
Jump up ^ Casas IA, Dobrogosz WJ (1997). "Lactobacillus reuteri: An overview of a new probiotic for humans and animals". Microecol Therap 25: 221–31.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Casas, Ivan A., Dobrogosz, Walter J. (December 1, 2000). "Validation of the Probiotic Concept: Lactobacillus reuteri Confers Broad-spectrum Protection against Disease in Humans and Animals". Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 12 (4).
^ Jump up to: a b Talarico TL, Casas IA, Chung TC, Dobrogosz WJ (1988). "Production and isolation of reuterin, a growth inhibitor produced by Lactobacillus reuteri". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 32 (12): 1854–8. doi:10.1128/aac.32.12.1854. PMC 176032. PMID 3245697. Retrieved 2015-01-19.
Jump up ^ Kabuki T, Saito T, Kawai Y, Uemura J, Itoh T (1997). "Production, purification and characterization of reutericin 6, a bacteriocin with lytic activity produced by Lactobacillus reuteri LA6". International Journal of Food Microbiology 34 (2): 145–56. doi:10.1016/s0168-1605(96)01180-4. PMID 9039561. Retrieved 2015-01-19.
Jump up ^ Gänzle MG, Höltzel A, Walter J, Jung G, Hammes WP (2000). "Characterization of reutericyclin produced by Lactobacillus reuteri LTH2584". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66 (10): 4325–33. doi:10.1128/aem.66.10.4325-4333.2000. PMC 92303. PMID 11010877. Retrieved 2015-01-19.
Jump up ^ Hall RH, Stern ES (1950). "Acid-catalysed hydration of acrylalde. Kinetics of the reaction and isolation of β-hydroxypropionaldehyde". J Chem Soc: 490–8. doi:10.1039/jr9500000490.
Jump up ^ Nielsen AT, Moore DW, Schuetze Jr. A. "13C and 1H NMR study of formaldehyde reactions with acetaldehyde and acrolein. Synthesis of 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol". Pol J Chem 55: 1393–1403.
Jump up ^ Vollenweider S, Grassi G, König I, Puhan Z (May 2003). "Purification and structural characterization of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde and its derivatives". J. Agric. Food Chem. 51 (11): 3287–93. doi:10.1021/jf021086d. PMID 12744656.
Jump up ^ Talarico TL, Dobrogosz WJ (May 1989). "Chemical characterization of an antimicrobial substance produced by Lactobacillus reuteri". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 33 (5): 674–9. doi:10.1128/aac.33.5.674. PMC 172512. PMID 2751282.
Jump up ^ Cleusix V, Lacroix C, Vollenweider S, Le Blay G (January 2008). "Glycerol induces reuterin production and decreases Escherichia coli population in an in vitro model of colonic fermentation with immobilized human feces". FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 63 (1): 56–64. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00412.x. PMID 18028400.
Jump up ^ Morita H, Toh H, Fukuda S, et al. (June 2008). "Comparative genome analysis of Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus fermentum reveal a genomic island for reuterin and cobalamin production". DNA Res. 15 (3): 151–61. doi:10.1093/dnares/dsn009. PMC 2650639. PMID 18487258.
Jump up ^ Wolf BW, Garleb KA, Ataya DG, Casas IA (1995). "Safety and tolerance of Lactobacillus reuteri in healthy adult male subjects". Microbial Ecol Health Dis 8 (2): 41–50. doi:10.3109/08910609509141381.
Jump up ^ Sinkiewicz G, Nordström EA (2005). "Occurrence of Lactobacillus reuteri, lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in human breast milk". Pediatr Res 58 (2): 415, abstract 353. doi:10.1203/00006450-200508000-00381.
Jump up ^ Abrahamsson T, Jakobsson T, Sinkiewicz G, Fredriksson M, Björkstén B. "Intestinal microbiota in infants supplemented with the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri". J Ped Gastroenterol Nutr 40 (5): 692, abstract PN 1–17. doi:10.1097/00005176-200505000-00232.
Jump up ^ Ruiz-Palacios G, Tuz F, Arteaga F, Guerrero ML, Dohnalek M, Hilty M (1992). "Tolerance and fecal colonization with Lactobacillus reuteri in children fed a beverage with a mixture of Lactobacillus spp". Pediatr Res 39: 1090 Abstract.
Jump up ^ Wolf BW, Garleb KA, Ataya DG, Casas IA (1995). "Safety and tolerance of Lactobacillus reuteri in healthy adult male subjects". Microbial Ecol Health Dis 8 (2): 41–50. doi:10.3109/08910609509141381.
Jump up ^ Wolf BW, Wheeler KB, Ataya DG, Garleb KA (December 1998). "Safety and tolerance of Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation to a population infected with the human immunodeficiency virus". Food Chem. Toxicol. 36 (12): 1085–94. doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(98)00090-8. PMID 9862651.
Jump up ^ Shornikova AV, Casas IA, Mykkänen H, Salo E, Vesikari T (December 1997). "Bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus reuteri in rotavirus gastroenteritis". Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 16 (12): 1103–7. doi:10.1097/00006454-199712000-00002. PMID 9427453.
Jump up ^ Ruiz-Palacios G, Guerrero ML, Hilty M (1996). "Feeding of a probiotic for the prevention of community-acquired diarrhea in young Mexican children". Pediatr Res 39 (4 Part 2): 184A, abstract 1089. doi:10.1203/00006450-199604001-01111.
Jump up ^ Romeo MG, Betta P, Oliveri S. (2006) Presented at the 5th Annual meeting of the Italian Society of Perinatal Medicine, Parma, Italy, 15–17 June 2006. Abstract published in J Perinat Med 34(Suppl 1): A9, abstract MSL_24.
Jump up ^ Guerrero M, Dohnalek M, Newton P, Kuznetsova O, Ruiz-Palacios G, Murphy T, Calva J, Hilty M, Costigan T., 1st World Congress of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Dec. 1996, abstract no. 610:45-2.
Jump up ^ Wang, B.; Mao, YK.; Diorio, C.; Pasyk, M.; Wu, RY.; Bienenstock, J.; Kunze, WA. (Oct 2010). "Luminal administration ex vivo of a live Lactobacillus species moderates mouse jejunal motility within minutes.". FASEB J 24 (10): 4078–88. doi:10.1096/fj.09-153841. PMID 20519636.
Jump up ^ Savino F., Pelle E., Palumeri E., Oggero R. and Miniero R. (2007). "Lactobacillus reuteri (ATCC strain 55730) versus simethicone in the treatment of infantile colic: a prospective randomized study". Pediatrics 119 (1): 124–130. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1222. PMID 17200238.
Jump up ^ Savino F., Cordisco L.,Tarasco V., Palumeri E., Calabrese R., Oggero R., Roos S. and Diego Matteuzzi. (2010). "Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 in Infantile Colic: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial". Pediatrics 126 (3): e526–e533. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-0433. PMID 20713478.
Jump up ^ Imase K, Tanaka A, Tokunaga K, Sugano H, Ishida H, Takahashi S (July 2007). "Lactobacillus reuteri tablets suppress Helicobacter pylori infection—a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled cross-over clinical study". Kansenshōgaku Zasshi 81 (4): 387–93. PMID 17695792.
Jump up ^ Saggioro A, Caroli M, Pasini M, Bortoluzzi F, Girardi L, Pilone G (2005). "Helicobacter pylori eradication with Lactobacillus reuteri. A double blind placebo-controlled study". Dig Liver Dis 37 (Suppl 1): S88, abstr. PO1.49.
Jump up ^ Francavilla R, Lionetti E, Castellaneta SP, et al. (April 2008). "Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori infection in humans by Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 and effect on eradication therapy: a pilot study". Helicobacter 13 (2): 127–34. doi:10.1111/j.1523-5378.2008.00593.x. PMID 18321302.
Jump up ^ Nikawa H, Makihira S, Fukushima H, et al. (September 2004). "Lactobacillus reuteri in bovine milk fermented decreases the oral carriage of mutans streptococci". Int. J. Food Microbiol. 95 (2): 219–23. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.006. PMID 15282133.
Jump up ^ Krasse P, Carlsson B, Dahl C, Paulsson A, Nilsson A, Sinkiewicz G (2006). "Decreased gum bleeding and reduced gingivitis by the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri". Swed Dent J 30 (2): 55–60. PMID 16878680.
Jump up ^ Weizman Z, Asli G, Alsheikh A (January 2005). "Effect of a probiotic infant formula on infections in child care centers: comparison of two probiotic agents". Pediatrics 115 (1): 5–9. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1815. PMID 15629974.
Jump up ^ Tubelius P, Stan V, Zachrisson A (2005). "Increasing work-place healthiness with the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri: a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled study". Environ Health 4: 25. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-4-25. PMC 1298318. PMID 16274475.
Jump up ^ Carbajal N, Sriburi A, Carter P, Dobrogosz W, Casas, I. Probiotic administrations of Lactobacillus reuteri protect mice from Salmonella typhimurium infection. Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Gnotobiotics. 1998 Jun 14–16; Bethesda (MD): Association for Gnotobiotics; 1998.
Jump up ^ Casas IA, Edens FW, Dobrogosz WJ. Lactobacillus reuteri: an effective probiotic for poultry and other animals. Lactic acid bacteria, 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1998: 475–518.
Jump up ^ Edens FW, Parkhurst CR, Casas IA, Dobrogosz WJ (January 1997). "Principles of ex ovo competitive exclusion and in ovo administration of Lactobacillus reuteri". Poult. Sci. 76 (1): 179–96. doi:10.1093/ps/76.1.179. PMID 9037704.
Jump up ^ Alak JI, Wolf BW, Mdurvwa EG, Pimentel-Smith GE, Adeyemo O (January 1997). "Effect of Lactobacillus reuteri on intestinal resistance to Cryptosporidium parvum infection in a murine model of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome". J. Infect. Dis. 175 (1): 218–21. doi:10.1093/infdis/175.1.218. PMID 8985225.
Jump up ^ Cryptosporidium parvum
Jump up ^ Wagner RD, Pierson C, Warner T, et al. (October 1997). "Biotherapeutic effects of probiotic bacteria on candidiasis in immunodeficient mice". Infect. Immun. 65 (10): 4165–72. PMC 175599. PMID 9317023.
Jump up ^ Barnes JH (1993). "Evaluating poult growth and productivity during brooding". Turkeys 41: 23–4.
Jump up ^ Casas IA, Edens FW, Parkhurst CR, Dobrogosz WJ (1998). "Probiotic treatment with Lactobacillus reuteri protects commercial turkeys from avian growth depression". Biosci Microflora 17: 141–7. doi:10.12938/bifidus1996.17.141.
Jump up ^ Blanchard P, Gill P, Schulze H. Efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri 1063-IA in pre- and post-weaning pigs. Hertfordshire SG5 4JG (UK): MLC Stotfold Pig Development Unit; 1998. Study Reference No. FF9801.
Jump up ^ Dunham HJ, Casas IA, Edens FW, Parkhurst CR, Garlich JD, Dobrogosz WJ (1998). "Avian growth depression in chickens induced by environmental, microbiological, or nutritional stress is moderated by probiotic administrations of Lactobacillus reuteri". Biosci Microflora 17: 133–9. doi:10.12938/bifidus1996.17.133.
Jump up ^ Fabia R, Ar'Rajab A, Johansson ML, et al. (February 1993). "The effect of exogenous administration of Lactobacillus reuteri R2LC and oat fiber on acetic acid-induced colitis in the rat". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 28 (2): 155–62. doi:10.3109/00365529309096063. PMID 8382837.
Jump up ^ Wang XD, Soltesz V, Molin G, Andersson R (February 1995). "The role of oral administration of oatmeal fermented by Lactobacillus reuteri R2LC on bacterial translocation after acute liver failure induced by subtotal liver resection in the rat". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 30 (2): 180–5. doi:10.3109/00365529509093259. PMID 7732342.
Jump up ^ Adawi D, Kasravi FB, Molin G, Jeppsson B (March 1997). "Effect of Lactobacillus supplementation with and without arginine on liver damage and bacterial translocation in an acute liver injury model in the rat". Hepatology 25 (3): 642–7. doi:10.1002/hep.510250325. PMID 9049212.
Jump up ^ Mao Y, Nobaek S, Kasravi B, et al. (August 1996). "The effects of Lactobacillus strains and oat fiber on methotrexate-induced enterocolitis in rats". Gastroenterology 111 (2): 334–44. doi:10.1053/gast.1996.v111.pm8690198. PMID 8690198.
Such_Saturation said:
Yes, but that may be too narrow to explain
the salutary effects of these frequent inhabitants of our gut biomes.
Sticking just with B. liceniformis and L. reuteri,
note some of the extra-bacteriacidal effects noted in the Wiki entries:
Bacillus licheniformis as a possible agent to clean ships' hulls isolated an enzyme that has proven to be an unexpected tooth decay fighter as it has the ability to cut through plaque or a layer of bacteria.
-------
In addition to its [L. reuteri] role in digestion, the intestinal wall is also vital in preventing harmful bacteria, endotoxins, etc., from "leaking" into the bloodstream. This leaking, known as bacterial "translocation", is very dangerous and can lead to lethal conditions such as sepsis.
...
L. reuteri is known to produce reuterin,[13] reutericin 6,[14] and reutericyclin.[15]
Reuterin was found to inhibit the growth of some harmful Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, along with yeasts, fungi, and protozoa.
...
Some studies have called into question whether or not reuterin production is essential for L. reuteri 's health-promoting activity. However, the discovery that it naturally produces an antibiotic substance was nevertheless important, as it has led to a great deal of further research.
...
One of the most well-documented effects of L. reuteri is in the treatment of rotavirus-induced diarrhea, especially in children. Treatment of rotaviral diarrhea by consumption of L. reuteri significantly shortens the duration of the illness as compared to placebo.
...
Some protective effect against the yeast Candida albicans has been found in mice, but in this case, L. reuteri did not work as well as other probiotic organisms, such as L. acidophilus and L. casei
...
Treating colonic tissue from rats with acetic acid causes an injury similar to the human condition ulcerative colitis. Treating the injured tissue with L. reuteri immediately after removing the acid almost completely reverses any ill effects,[52] leading to the possibility that L. reuteri may be beneficial in the treatment of human colitis patients.
Last edited by a moderator:
Maybe he wouldn't. I agree, we are speculating.Makrosky said:
I do think he is at least in some conditions keen to get the numbers way down. But he doesn't ususally suggest everybody staying on antibiotics continuously and permanently. (I imagine this would increase the issues of anti-biotic resistance, as with some animal husbandry practices.)
I imagine that wiping out 99% of the intestinal microbes would potentially have a big effect on endotoxin load. But it's probably good if there are some benign species doing the recolonising, rather than just the more pathogenic ones. I'm not sure if he recommends antibiotics as good for everybody, or only for people with some kinds of health problems - esp. ones likely to involve leaky guts etc.
Last edited by a moderator:
Very tangentially...
We have mentioned Elie Metchnikoff on the forum before,
because Peat has noted him, approvingly, in interview/s.
Somehow I happened across this (semi-)related stuff on Wiki...
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (Russian: Илья́ Ильи́ч Ме́чников, also written as Élie Metchnikoff) (16 May [O.S. 3 May] 1845 – 16 July 1916) was a Russian zoologist best known for his pioneering research into the immune system.[1]
...
Mechnikov also developed a theory that aging is caused by toxic bacteria in the gut and that lactic acid could prolong life. Based on this theory, he drank sour milk every day. He wrote The Prolongation of Life: Optimistic Studies, in which he espoused the potential life-lengthening properties of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus).[18][19] He attributed the longevity of Bulgarian peasants due to their yogurt consumption.[20] This later inspired Japanese scientist Minoru Shirota to begin investigating a causal relationship between bacteria and good intestinal health, which eventually led to the worldwide marketing of Yakult, kefir and other fermented milk drinks, or probiotics.[21][22]
...
Personal life and views
Mechnikov was married to his first wife Ludmila Feodorovitch in 1863. She died from tuberculosis on 20 April 1873. Her death, combined with other problems, caused Mechnikov to unsuccessfully attempt suicide, taking a large dose of opium. In 1875 he married his young student Olga Belokopytova.[7] In 1885 Olga suffered from severe typhoid and this caused him to attempt his second but failed suicide.[1] He injected himself with the spirochete of relapsing fever. (Olga died in 1944 in Paris from typhoid.)[8]
Mechnikov was an atheist.[24]
------------
This is from the Wiki entry on probiotics:
History
Probiotics have received renewed attention recently from product manufacturers, research studies, and consumers. The history of probiotics can be traced to the first use of cheese and fermented products, that were well known to the Greeks and Romans who recommended their consumption.[23] The fermentation of dairy foods represents one of the oldest techniques for food preservation.[24]
The original modern hypothesis of the positive role played by certain bacteria was first introduced by Russian scientist and Nobel laureate Élie Metchnikoff, who in 1907 suggested that it would be possible to modify the gut flora and to replace harmful microbes with useful microbes.[3] Metchnikoff, at that time a professor at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, proposed the hypothesis that the aging process results from the activity of putrefactive (proteolytic) microbes producing toxic substances in the large bowel. Proteolytic bacteria such as clostridia, which are part of the normal gut flora, produce toxic substances including phenols, indols, and ammonia from the digestion of proteins. According to Metchnikoff, these compounds were responsible for what he called "intestinal autointoxication", which would cause the physical changes associated with old age.[25]
It was at that time known that milk fermented with lactic-acid bacteria inhibits the growth of proteolytic bacteria because of the low pH produced by the fermentation of lactose. Metchnikoff had also observed that certain rural populations in Europe, for example in Bulgaria and the Russian steppes, who lived largely on milk fermented by lactic-acid bacteria were exceptionally long lived. Based on these observations, Metchnikoff proposed that consumption of fermented milk would "seed" the intestine with harmless lactic-acid bacteria and decrease the intestinal pH, and that this would suppress the growth of proteolytic bacteria. Metchnikoff himself introduced in his diet sour milk fermented with the bacteria he called "Bulgarian Bacillus" and found his health benefited. Friends in Paris soon followed his example and physicians began prescribing the sour-milk diet for their patients.[26]
We have mentioned Elie Metchnikoff on the forum before,
because Peat has noted him, approvingly, in interview/s.
Somehow I happened across this (semi-)related stuff on Wiki...
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (Russian: Илья́ Ильи́ч Ме́чников, also written as Élie Metchnikoff) (16 May [O.S. 3 May] 1845 – 16 July 1916) was a Russian zoologist best known for his pioneering research into the immune system.[1]
...
Mechnikov also developed a theory that aging is caused by toxic bacteria in the gut and that lactic acid could prolong life. Based on this theory, he drank sour milk every day. He wrote The Prolongation of Life: Optimistic Studies, in which he espoused the potential life-lengthening properties of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus).[18][19] He attributed the longevity of Bulgarian peasants due to their yogurt consumption.[20] This later inspired Japanese scientist Minoru Shirota to begin investigating a causal relationship between bacteria and good intestinal health, which eventually led to the worldwide marketing of Yakult, kefir and other fermented milk drinks, or probiotics.[21][22]
...
Personal life and views
Mechnikov was married to his first wife Ludmila Feodorovitch in 1863. She died from tuberculosis on 20 April 1873. Her death, combined with other problems, caused Mechnikov to unsuccessfully attempt suicide, taking a large dose of opium. In 1875 he married his young student Olga Belokopytova.[7] In 1885 Olga suffered from severe typhoid and this caused him to attempt his second but failed suicide.[1] He injected himself with the spirochete of relapsing fever. (Olga died in 1944 in Paris from typhoid.)[8]
Mechnikov was an atheist.[24]
------------
This is from the Wiki entry on probiotics:
History
Probiotics have received renewed attention recently from product manufacturers, research studies, and consumers. The history of probiotics can be traced to the first use of cheese and fermented products, that were well known to the Greeks and Romans who recommended their consumption.[23] The fermentation of dairy foods represents one of the oldest techniques for food preservation.[24]
The original modern hypothesis of the positive role played by certain bacteria was first introduced by Russian scientist and Nobel laureate Élie Metchnikoff, who in 1907 suggested that it would be possible to modify the gut flora and to replace harmful microbes with useful microbes.[3] Metchnikoff, at that time a professor at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, proposed the hypothesis that the aging process results from the activity of putrefactive (proteolytic) microbes producing toxic substances in the large bowel. Proteolytic bacteria such as clostridia, which are part of the normal gut flora, produce toxic substances including phenols, indols, and ammonia from the digestion of proteins. According to Metchnikoff, these compounds were responsible for what he called "intestinal autointoxication", which would cause the physical changes associated with old age.[25]
It was at that time known that milk fermented with lactic-acid bacteria inhibits the growth of proteolytic bacteria because of the low pH produced by the fermentation of lactose. Metchnikoff had also observed that certain rural populations in Europe, for example in Bulgaria and the Russian steppes, who lived largely on milk fermented by lactic-acid bacteria were exceptionally long lived. Based on these observations, Metchnikoff proposed that consumption of fermented milk would "seed" the intestine with harmless lactic-acid bacteria and decrease the intestinal pH, and that this would suppress the growth of proteolytic bacteria. Metchnikoff himself introduced in his diet sour milk fermented with the bacteria he called "Bulgarian Bacillus" and found his health benefited. Friends in Paris soon followed his example and physicians began prescribing the sour-milk diet for their patients.[26]
from The Atlantic magazine
DAVID KOHN JUN 24, 2015
http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/06/gut-bacteria-on-the-brain/395918/
When Gut Bacteria Changes Brain Function
Some researchers believe that the microbiome may play a role in regulating how people think and feel.
By now, the idea that gut bacteria affects a person’s health is not revolutionary. Many people know that these microbes influence digestion, allergies, and metabolism. The trend has become almost commonplace: New books appear regularly detailing precisely which diet will lead to optimum bacterial health.
But these microbes’ reach may extend much further, into the human brains. A growing group of researchers around the world are investigating how the microbiome, as this bacterial ecosystem is known, regulates how people think and feel. Scientists have found evidence that this assemblage—about a thousand different species of bacteria, trillions of cells that together weigh between one and three pounds—could play a crucial role in autism, anxiety, depression, and other disorders.
“There’s been an explosion of interest in the connections between the microbiome and the brain,” says Emeran Mayer, a gastroenterologist at the University of California, Los Angeles, who has been studying the topic for the past five years.
Some of the most intriguing work has been done on autism. For decades, doctors, parents, and researchers have noted that about three-quarters of people with autism also have some gastrointestinal abnormality, like digestive issues, food allergies, or gluten sensitivity. This recognition led scientists to examine potential connections between gut microbes and autism; several recent studies have found that autistic people’s microbiome differs significantly from control groups. The California Institute of Technology microbiologist Sarkis Mazmanian has focused on a common species called Bacteroides fragilis, which is seen in smaller quantities in some children with autism. In a paper published two years ago in the journal Cell, Mazmanian and several colleagues fed B. fragilis from humans to mice with symptoms similar to autism. The treatment altered the makeup of the animals’ microbiome, and more importantly, improved their behavior: They became less anxious, communicated more with other mice, and showed less repetitive behavior.
Exactly how the microbes interact with the illness—whether as a trigger or as a shield—remains mostly a mystery. But Mazmanian and his colleagues have identified one possible link: a chemical called 4-ethylphenylsulphate, or 4EPS, which seems to be produced by gut bacteria. They’ve found that mice with symptoms of autism have blood levels of 4EPS more than 40 times higher than other mice. The link between 4EPS levels and the brain isn’t clear, but when the animals were injected with the compound, they developed autism-like symptoms.
“We may be able to reverse these ailments. If you turn off the faucet that produces this compound, then the symptoms disappear.”
Mazmanian, who in 2012 was awarded a MacArthur grant for his microbiome work, sees this as a “potential breakthrough” in understanding how microbes contribute to autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders. He says the results so far suggest that adjusting gut bacteria could be a viable treatment for the disease, at least in some patients. “We may be able to reverse these ailments,” he says. “If you turn off the faucet that produces this compound, then the symptoms disappear. That’s what we see in the mouse model.”
Scientists have also gathered evidence that gut bacteria can influence anxiety and depression. Stephen Collins, a gastroenterology researcher at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, has found that strains of two bacteria, lactobacillus and bifidobacterium, reduce anxiety-like behavior in mice (scientists don’t call it “anxiety” because you can’t ask a mouse how it’s feeling). Humans also carry strains of these bacteria in their guts. In one study, he and his colleague collected gut bacteria from a strain of mice prone to anxious behavior, and then transplanted these microbes into another strain inclined to be calm. The result: The tranquil animals appeared to become anxious.
Overall, both of these microbes seem to be major players in the gut-brain axis. John Cryan, a neuroscientist at the University College of Cork in Ireland, has examined the effects of both of them on depression in animals. In a 2010 paper published in Neuroscience, he gave mice either bifidobacterium or the antidepressant Lexapro; he then subjected them to a series of stressful situations, including a test which measured how long they continued to swim in a tank of water with no way out. (They were pulled out after a short period of time, before they drowned.) The microbe and the drug were both effective at increasing the animals’ perseverance, and reducing levels of hormones linked to stress. Another experiment, this time using lactobacillus, had similar results. Cryan is launching a study with humans (using measurements other than the forced swim test to gauge subjects’ response).
So far, most microbiome-based brain research has been in mice. But there have already been a few studies involving humans. Last year, for example, Collins transferred gut bacteria from anxious humans into “germ-free” mice—animals that had been raised (very carefully) so their guts contained no bacteria at all. After the transplant, these animals also behaved more anxiously.
Other research has examined entire humans, not just their bugs. A paper published in the May 2015 issue of Psychopharmacology by the Oxford University neurobiologist Phil Burnet looked at whether a prebiotic—a group of carbohydrates that provide sustenance for gut bacteria—affected stress levels among a group of 45 healthy volunteers. Some subjects were fed 5.5 grams of a powdered carbohydrate known as galactooligosaccharide, or GOS, while others were given a placebo. Previous studies in mice by the same scientists had shown that this carb fostered growth of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria; the mice with more of these microbes also had increased levels of several neurotransmitters that affect anxiety, including one called brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
In this experiment, subjects who ingested GOS showed lower levels of a key stress hormone, cortisol, and in a test involving a series of words flashed quickly on a screen, the GOS group also focused more on positive information and less on negative. This test is often used to measure levels of anxiety and depression, since in these conditions anxious and depressed patients often focus inordinately on the threatening or negative stimuli. Burnet and his colleagues note that the results are similar to those seen when subjects take anti-depressants or anti-anxiety medications.
Perhaps the most well-known human study was done by Mayer, the UCLA researcher. He recruited 25 subjects, all healthy women; for four weeks, 12 of them ate a cup of commercially available yogurt twice a day, while the rest didn’t. Yogurt is a probiotic, meaning it contains live bacteria, in this case strains of four species, bifidobacterium, streptococcus, lactococcus, and lactobacillus. Before and after the study, subjects were given brain scans to gauge their response to a series of images of facial expressions—happiness, sadness, anger, and so on.
“This was not what we expected, that eating yogurt twice a day for a few weeks would do something to your brain.”
To Mayer’s surprise, the results, which were published in 2013 in the journal Gastroenterology, showed significant differences between the two groups; the yogurt eaters reacted more calmly to the images than the control group. “The contrast was clear,” says Mayer. “This was not what we expected, that eating a yogurt twice a day for a few weeks would do something to your brain.” He thinks the bacteria in the yogurt changed the makeup of the subjects’ gut microbes, and that this led to the production of compounds that modified brain chemistry.
It’s not yet clear how the microbiome alters the brain. Most researchers agree that microbes probably influence the brain via multiple mechanisms. Scientists have found that gut bacteria produce neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine and GABA, all of which play a key role in mood (many antidepressants increase levels of these same compounds). Certain organisms also affect how people metabolize these compounds, effectively regulating the amount that circulates in the blood and brain. Gut bacteria may also generate other neuroactive chemicals, including one called butyrate, that have been linked to reduced anxiety and depression. Cryan and others have also shown that some microbes can activate the vagus nerve, the main line of communication between the gut and the brain. In addition, the microbiome is intertwined with the immune system, which itself influences mood and behavior.
This interconnection of bugs and brain seems credible, too, from an evolutionary perspective. After all, bacteria have lived inside humans for millions of years. Cryan suggests that over time, at least a few microbes have developed ways to shape their hosts’ behavior for their own ends. Modifying mood is a plausible microbial survival strategy, he argues that “happy people tend to be more social. And the more social we are, the more chances the microbes have to exchange and spread.”
As scientists learn more about how the gut-brain microbial network operates, Cryan thinks it could be hacked to treat psychiatric disorders. “These bacteria could eventually be used the way we now use Prozac or Valium,” he says. And because these microbes have eons of experience modifying our brains, they are likely to be more precise and subtle than current pharmacological approaches, which could mean fewer side effects. “I think these microbes will have a real effect on how we treat these disorders,” Cryan says. “This is a whole new way to modulate brain function.”
DAVID KOHN JUN 24, 2015
http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/06/gut-bacteria-on-the-brain/395918/
When Gut Bacteria Changes Brain Function
Some researchers believe that the microbiome may play a role in regulating how people think and feel.
By now, the idea that gut bacteria affects a person’s health is not revolutionary. Many people know that these microbes influence digestion, allergies, and metabolism. The trend has become almost commonplace: New books appear regularly detailing precisely which diet will lead to optimum bacterial health.
But these microbes’ reach may extend much further, into the human brains. A growing group of researchers around the world are investigating how the microbiome, as this bacterial ecosystem is known, regulates how people think and feel. Scientists have found evidence that this assemblage—about a thousand different species of bacteria, trillions of cells that together weigh between one and three pounds—could play a crucial role in autism, anxiety, depression, and other disorders.
“There’s been an explosion of interest in the connections between the microbiome and the brain,” says Emeran Mayer, a gastroenterologist at the University of California, Los Angeles, who has been studying the topic for the past five years.
Some of the most intriguing work has been done on autism. For decades, doctors, parents, and researchers have noted that about three-quarters of people with autism also have some gastrointestinal abnormality, like digestive issues, food allergies, or gluten sensitivity. This recognition led scientists to examine potential connections between gut microbes and autism; several recent studies have found that autistic people’s microbiome differs significantly from control groups. The California Institute of Technology microbiologist Sarkis Mazmanian has focused on a common species called Bacteroides fragilis, which is seen in smaller quantities in some children with autism. In a paper published two years ago in the journal Cell, Mazmanian and several colleagues fed B. fragilis from humans to mice with symptoms similar to autism. The treatment altered the makeup of the animals’ microbiome, and more importantly, improved their behavior: They became less anxious, communicated more with other mice, and showed less repetitive behavior.
Exactly how the microbes interact with the illness—whether as a trigger or as a shield—remains mostly a mystery. But Mazmanian and his colleagues have identified one possible link: a chemical called 4-ethylphenylsulphate, or 4EPS, which seems to be produced by gut bacteria. They’ve found that mice with symptoms of autism have blood levels of 4EPS more than 40 times higher than other mice. The link between 4EPS levels and the brain isn’t clear, but when the animals were injected with the compound, they developed autism-like symptoms.
“We may be able to reverse these ailments. If you turn off the faucet that produces this compound, then the symptoms disappear.”
Mazmanian, who in 2012 was awarded a MacArthur grant for his microbiome work, sees this as a “potential breakthrough” in understanding how microbes contribute to autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders. He says the results so far suggest that adjusting gut bacteria could be a viable treatment for the disease, at least in some patients. “We may be able to reverse these ailments,” he says. “If you turn off the faucet that produces this compound, then the symptoms disappear. That’s what we see in the mouse model.”
Scientists have also gathered evidence that gut bacteria can influence anxiety and depression. Stephen Collins, a gastroenterology researcher at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, has found that strains of two bacteria, lactobacillus and bifidobacterium, reduce anxiety-like behavior in mice (scientists don’t call it “anxiety” because you can’t ask a mouse how it’s feeling). Humans also carry strains of these bacteria in their guts. In one study, he and his colleague collected gut bacteria from a strain of mice prone to anxious behavior, and then transplanted these microbes into another strain inclined to be calm. The result: The tranquil animals appeared to become anxious.
Overall, both of these microbes seem to be major players in the gut-brain axis. John Cryan, a neuroscientist at the University College of Cork in Ireland, has examined the effects of both of them on depression in animals. In a 2010 paper published in Neuroscience, he gave mice either bifidobacterium or the antidepressant Lexapro; he then subjected them to a series of stressful situations, including a test which measured how long they continued to swim in a tank of water with no way out. (They were pulled out after a short period of time, before they drowned.) The microbe and the drug were both effective at increasing the animals’ perseverance, and reducing levels of hormones linked to stress. Another experiment, this time using lactobacillus, had similar results. Cryan is launching a study with humans (using measurements other than the forced swim test to gauge subjects’ response).
So far, most microbiome-based brain research has been in mice. But there have already been a few studies involving humans. Last year, for example, Collins transferred gut bacteria from anxious humans into “germ-free” mice—animals that had been raised (very carefully) so their guts contained no bacteria at all. After the transplant, these animals also behaved more anxiously.
Other research has examined entire humans, not just their bugs. A paper published in the May 2015 issue of Psychopharmacology by the Oxford University neurobiologist Phil Burnet looked at whether a prebiotic—a group of carbohydrates that provide sustenance for gut bacteria—affected stress levels among a group of 45 healthy volunteers. Some subjects were fed 5.5 grams of a powdered carbohydrate known as galactooligosaccharide, or GOS, while others were given a placebo. Previous studies in mice by the same scientists had shown that this carb fostered growth of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria; the mice with more of these microbes also had increased levels of several neurotransmitters that affect anxiety, including one called brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
In this experiment, subjects who ingested GOS showed lower levels of a key stress hormone, cortisol, and in a test involving a series of words flashed quickly on a screen, the GOS group also focused more on positive information and less on negative. This test is often used to measure levels of anxiety and depression, since in these conditions anxious and depressed patients often focus inordinately on the threatening or negative stimuli. Burnet and his colleagues note that the results are similar to those seen when subjects take anti-depressants or anti-anxiety medications.
Perhaps the most well-known human study was done by Mayer, the UCLA researcher. He recruited 25 subjects, all healthy women; for four weeks, 12 of them ate a cup of commercially available yogurt twice a day, while the rest didn’t. Yogurt is a probiotic, meaning it contains live bacteria, in this case strains of four species, bifidobacterium, streptococcus, lactococcus, and lactobacillus. Before and after the study, subjects were given brain scans to gauge their response to a series of images of facial expressions—happiness, sadness, anger, and so on.
“This was not what we expected, that eating yogurt twice a day for a few weeks would do something to your brain.”
To Mayer’s surprise, the results, which were published in 2013 in the journal Gastroenterology, showed significant differences between the two groups; the yogurt eaters reacted more calmly to the images than the control group. “The contrast was clear,” says Mayer. “This was not what we expected, that eating a yogurt twice a day for a few weeks would do something to your brain.” He thinks the bacteria in the yogurt changed the makeup of the subjects’ gut microbes, and that this led to the production of compounds that modified brain chemistry.
It’s not yet clear how the microbiome alters the brain. Most researchers agree that microbes probably influence the brain via multiple mechanisms. Scientists have found that gut bacteria produce neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine and GABA, all of which play a key role in mood (many antidepressants increase levels of these same compounds). Certain organisms also affect how people metabolize these compounds, effectively regulating the amount that circulates in the blood and brain. Gut bacteria may also generate other neuroactive chemicals, including one called butyrate, that have been linked to reduced anxiety and depression. Cryan and others have also shown that some microbes can activate the vagus nerve, the main line of communication between the gut and the brain. In addition, the microbiome is intertwined with the immune system, which itself influences mood and behavior.
This interconnection of bugs and brain seems credible, too, from an evolutionary perspective. After all, bacteria have lived inside humans for millions of years. Cryan suggests that over time, at least a few microbes have developed ways to shape their hosts’ behavior for their own ends. Modifying mood is a plausible microbial survival strategy, he argues that “happy people tend to be more social. And the more social we are, the more chances the microbes have to exchange and spread.”
As scientists learn more about how the gut-brain microbial network operates, Cryan thinks it could be hacked to treat psychiatric disorders. “These bacteria could eventually be used the way we now use Prozac or Valium,” he says. And because these microbes have eons of experience modifying our brains, they are likely to be more precise and subtle than current pharmacological approaches, which could mean fewer side effects. “I think these microbes will have a real effect on how we treat these disorders,” Cryan says. “This is a whole new way to modulate brain function.”
Nicholas
Member
- Joined
- Apr 25, 2015
- Messages
- 666
peatarian said:
what would be an example of lactic acid in your diet?
Last edited by a moderator:
Peata
Member
- Joined
- Jun 12, 2013
- Messages
- 3,402
XPlus said:
You mean to be sterile? That's what I thought too.
Last edited by a moderator:
Peata
Member
- Joined
- Jun 12, 2013
- Messages
- 3,402
Nicholas said:
Yogurt, sauerkraut.
Last edited by a moderator:
Nicholas
Member
- Joined
- Apr 25, 2015
- Messages
- 666
Peata said:
but doesn't the lactic acid get broken down in the gut? (i do Greek)
Last edited by a moderator:
Peata
Member
- Joined
- Jun 12, 2013
- Messages
- 3,402
Nicholas said:
I don't know. I mix a bit of baking soda into my yogurt in case it helps.
Last edited by a moderator:
beachbum
Member
- Joined
- Nov 10, 2014
- Messages
- 423
- Age
- 60
I'm confused. So are probiotics bad. I know there are some that can cause inflammation. I personally can't take any that have yogurt probiotics properties. If I eat it or even use it as a mask I get massive headache, itchy, and acne. There are some that are neutral. I know B. infantis in considered neutral. This kind I took with no problems that I can remember.
Beachbum
Last edited:
beachbum
Member
- Joined
- Nov 10, 2014
- Messages
- 423
- Age
- 60
B. infantis, can any of you RP translators lol give explanations if this is bad or good. Suppose to be good for IBS but I'm still not sure of the use of it. Also I read that it helps breakdown lactic acid in breast milk but it also said it feeds off natural glucose. Science guys and gals.
Thank you
Beachbum
beachbum
Member
- Joined
- Nov 10, 2014
- Messages
- 423
- Age
- 60
EMF Mitigation - Flush Niacin - Big 5 Minerals
Similar threads
