Urolithiasis in rats consuming a dl bitartrate form of choline in a purified diet

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Abstract​

Urolithiasis appeared in rats maintained to study the effects of nutrients and methylmercury on development and aging. After a year, the mortality rate was approximately 10%, and by 2 years, it had increased to nearly 30%. Clinical signs and urinary tract pathology were examined as a function of diet, duration on diet, gender, methylmercury exposure, genetics, and other potential risk factors by using survival analyses and qualitative comparisons. Urolithiasis in female rats appeared 15 weeks after beginning a purified diet and after 5 weeks for male rats. After 97 weeks, the mortality rate of female rats was 22% and for male rats was 64%. Lifetime urolithiasis-associated mortality was about 2% in a group of rats that consumed the contaminated diet for < 30 weeks. No urolithiasis occurred in siblings or cohorts of the rats described here that were maintained on a standard rodent chow containing choline chloride. Urolithiasis was traced to racemic, rather than levo-, bitartaric acid in some purified diets shipped in 2001 and 2002. It is unknown when the impurity first appeared in the diet, so estimates of exposure duration are upper limits. Chronic methylmercury exposure increased vulnerability. Some families (dam + offspring) had multiple cases of urolithiasis, but probability models constructed to evaluate familial clustering revealed no evidence for a genetic predisposition to urolithiasis apart from gender. Removing racemic tartaric acid did not decrease mortality once rats had been on the diet for 20 to 30 weeks, but it helped when exposure duration was shorter.
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What you are buying might not be the right source of Choline.​

Published on 10 June 2013 Written by Gee Lawson

Some of the choline ingredients on the market might be less expensive than others because they are in the D/L form rather than L form. Under the name choline bitartrate we can find L-Choline Bitartrate (USP-NF, FCC, DAB10) and DL -Choline Bitartrate. But there are differences between them.

Product L-Bitartrate DL-Bitartrate
CAS 87-67-2 132215-92-0
Melting point 147-152 ºC 144-149 ºC
Specific rotation 17,5º - + 18,5º none

DL -Choline Bitartrate should not be used in pharma or food applications although the price is normally more attractive. Studies have that shown the DL-form has nefrotoxic effects (1). In Europe, according to the CODEX and European Union, only L-Choline Bitartrate is allowed because it is mentioned in DAB and in the USP monograph. The DL form does not comply with these monographs. Moreover, according to the FDA, L-Choline Bitartrate is considered GRAS affirmed (21CFR182.8250_2010) but not the DL-form.

If the raw material ingredient is conditioned or coated with silica, the melting point and specific rotation cannot be measured directly and this might unfortunately be used as a strategy by some distributors in the market to sell the DL form instead of the L form. We strongly advise customers to dissolve, filter and dry any samples before these parameters are measured and to ensure that the raw material provided is in the L form.

Gee Lawson offer fully traceability and consistent supply of L-choline. Please contact us for further information.

References
(1) Urolithiasis in rats consuming a dl bitartrate form of choline in a purified diet - PubMed
 
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