The Virome Of Cerebrospinal Fluid: Viruses Where We Once Thought There Were None

S.Seneff

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Traditionally, medicine has held that some human body sites are sterile and that the introduction of microbes to these sites results in infections. This paradigm shifted significantly with the discovery of the human microbiome and acceptance of these commensal microbes living across the body. However, the central nervous system (CNS) is still believed by many to be sterile in healthy people. Using culture-independent methods, we examined the virome of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from a cohort of mostly healthy human subjects. We identified a community of DNA viruses, most of which were identified as bacteriophages. Compared to other human specimen types, CSF viromes were not ecologically distinct. There was a high alpha diversity cluster that included feces, saliva, and urine, and a low alpha diversity cluster that included CSF, body fluids, plasma, and breast milk. The high diversity cluster included specimens known to have many bacteria, while other specimens traditionally assumed to be sterile formed the low diversity cluster. There was an abundance of viruses shared among CSF, breast milk, plasma, and body fluids, while each generally shared less with urine, feces, and saliva. These shared viruses ranged across different virus families, indicating that similarities between these viromes represent more than just a single shared virus family. By identifying a virome in the CSF of mostly healthy individuals, it is now less likely that any human body site is devoid of microbes, which further highlights the need to decipher the role that viral communities may play in human health.

Front Microbiol. 2019; 10: 2061.
Published online 2019 Sep 6. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02061
PMCID: PMC6742758
PMID: 31555247
Chandrabali Ghose,1 Melissa Ly,2 Leila K. Schwanemann,2 Ji Hyun Shin,2 Katayoon Atab,2 Jeremy J. Barr,3 Mark Little,4 Robert T. Schooley,5 Jessica Chopyk,2 and David T. Pride2,5,*
1Bioharmony Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
2Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
3School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
4Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
5Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
 

cedric

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Perhaps most viruses use low pH to enter by endosomal reaction/fusion and replicate -even rhabdoviruses/lyssaviruses .

"Like other rhabdoviruses, RABV gains access to the cellular interior by endocytosis and subsequent low pH-dependent fusion (57)
Uptake of Rabies Virus into Epithelial Cells by Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis Depends upon Actin
Uptake of Rabies Virus into Epithelial Cells by Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis Depends upon Actin
Silvia Piccinotti, Tomas Kirchhausen, Sean P. J. Whelan

DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01648-13

Multi-platform characterization of the human cerebrospinal fluid metabolome: a comprehensive and quantitative update
Multi-element analysis in cerebral spinal fluid samples using ICP-MS

Lithium and boron are quite important in CSF-they are both alkalizers.

I suggest testing lithium as drug in the case of rabies at the dose of bipolar disorder.

May be lithium could save many lives .
Another great brain/hipocampus alkalizer is rubidium.
Depression, Amino Acids, and Rubidium - Townsend Letter

I am waiting for the book
Current Trends in Lithium and Rubidium Therapy
Proceedings of an International Symposium on Lithium and Rubidium Therapy held in Venice, 29 September–1st October 1983
Editors: Corsini, G.U. (Ed.)
Current Trends in Lithium and Rubidium Therapy - Proceedings of an International Symposium on Lithium and Rubidium Therapy held in Venice, 29 September–1st October 1983 | G.U. Corsini | Springer






 

Neeters 27

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Traditionally, medicine has held that some human body sites are sterile and that the introduction of microbes to these sites results in infections. This paradigm shifted significantly with the discovery of the human microbiome and acceptance of these commensal microbes living across the body. However, the central nervous system (CNS) is still believed by many to be sterile in healthy people. Using culture-independent methods, we examined the virome of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from a cohort of mostly healthy human subjects. We identified a community of DNA viruses, most of which were identified as bacteriophages. Compared to other human specimen types, CSF viromes were not ecologically distinct. There was a high alpha diversity cluster that included feces, saliva, and urine, and a low alpha diversity cluster that included CSF, body fluids, plasma, and breast milk. The high diversity cluster included specimens known to have many bacteria, while other specimens traditionally assumed to be sterile formed the low diversity cluster. There was an abundance of viruses shared among CSF, breast milk, plasma, and body fluids, while each generally shared less with urine, feces, and saliva. These shared viruses ranged across different virus families, indicating that similarities between these viromes represent more than just a single shared virus family. By identifying a virome in the CSF of mostly healthy individuals, it is now less likely that any human body site is devoid of microbes, which further highlights the need to decipher the role that viral communities may play in human health.

Front Microbiol. 2019; 10: 2061.
Published online 2019 Sep 6. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02061
PMCID: PMC6742758
PMID: 31555247
Chandrabali Ghose,1 Melissa Ly,2 Leila K. Schwanemann,2 Ji Hyun Shin,2 Katayoon Atab,2 Jeremy J. Barr,3 Mark Little,4 Robert T. Schooley,5 Jessica Chopyk,2 and David T. Pride2,5,*
1Bioharmony Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
2Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
3School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
4Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
5Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
I think most of us know this from developing Shingles many years after having had chicken pox. the virus stays in the spine is what my doctor told me 43 years ago.
 

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