The mechanisms of action of Ivermectin against SARS-CoV-2: An evidence-based clinical review article

Jam

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The mechanisms of action of Ivermectin against SARS-CoV-2: An evidence-based clinical review article

Abstract​

Considering the urgency of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, detection of various new mutant strains and future potential re-emergence of novel coronaviruses, repurposing of approved drugs such as Ivermectin could be worthy of attention. This evidence-based review article aims to discuss the mechanism of action of ivermectin against SARS-CoV-2 and summarizing the available literature over the years. A schematic of the key cellular and biomolecular interactions between Ivermectin, host cell, and SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 pathogenesis and prevention of complications have been proposed.

The role of Ivermectin against the SARS-CoV-2 virus​

The targets of activity of Ivermectin can be divided into the following four groups:

  1. A.
    Direct action on SARS-CoV-2
    Level 1: Action on SARS-CoV-2 cell entry
    Level 2: Action on Importin (IMP) superfamily
    Level 3: Action as an Ionophore
  2. B.
    Action on host targets important for viral replication
    Level 4: Action as an antiviral
    Level 5: Action on viral replication and assembly
    Level 6: Action on post-translational processing of viral polyproteins
    Level 7: Action on Karyopherin (KPNA/KPNB) receptors
  3. C.
    Action on host targets important for inflammation
    Level 8: Action on Interferon (INF) levels
    Level 9: Action on Toll- like-Receptors (TLRs)
    Level 10: Action on Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway
    Level 11: Action on the JAK-STAT pathway, PAI-1 and COVID-19 sequalae
    Level 12: Action on P21 activated Kinase 1 (PAK-1)
    Level 13: Action on Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels
    Level 14: Action on allosteric modulation of P2X4 receptor
    Level 15: Action on high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1),
    Level 16: Action as an immunomodulator on Lung tissue and olfaction
    Level 17: Action as an anti-inflammatory
  4. D.
    Action on other host targets
    Level 18: Action on Plasmin and Annexin A2
    Level 19: Action on CD147 on the RBC
    Level 20: Action on mitochondrial ATP under hypoxia on cardiac function
The direct “antiviral targets” may be useful in the early stages while the anti-inflammatory targets might be addressed in the later stages of the disease.
 

xeliex

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I wonder why Dr. Peat isn't a fan of Ivermectin... Does anyone know?
 

Nemo

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The mechanisms of action of Ivermectin against SARS-CoV-2: An evidence-based clinical review article

Abstract​

Considering the urgency of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, detection of various new mutant strains and future potential re-emergence of novel coronaviruses, repurposing of approved drugs such as Ivermectin could be worthy of attention. This evidence-based review article aims to discuss the mechanism of action of ivermectin against SARS-CoV-2 and summarizing the available literature over the years. A schematic of the key cellular and biomolecular interactions between Ivermectin, host cell, and SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 pathogenesis and prevention of complications have been proposed.

The role of Ivermectin against the SARS-CoV-2 virus​

The targets of activity of Ivermectin can be divided into the following four groups:

  1. A.
    Direct action on SARS-CoV-2
    Level 1: Action on SARS-CoV-2 cell entry
    Level 2: Action on Importin (IMP) superfamily
    Level 3: Action as an Ionophore
  2. B.
    Action on host targets important for viral replication
    Level 4: Action as an antiviral
    Level 5: Action on viral replication and assembly
    Level 6: Action on post-translational processing of viral polyproteins
    Level 7: Action on Karyopherin (KPNA/KPNB) receptors
  3. C.
    Action on host targets important for inflammation
    Level 8: Action on Interferon (INF) levels
    Level 9: Action on Toll- like-Receptors (TLRs)
    Level 10: Action on Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway
    Level 11: Action on the JAK-STAT pathway, PAI-1 and COVID-19 sequalae
    Level 12: Action on P21 activated Kinase 1 (PAK-1)
    Level 13: Action on Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels
    Level 14: Action on allosteric modulation of P2X4 receptor
    Level 15: Action on high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1),
    Level 16: Action as an immunomodulator on Lung tissue and olfaction
    Level 17: Action as an anti-inflammatory
  4. D.
    Action on other host targets
    Level 18: Action on Plasmin and Annexin A2
    Level 19: Action on CD147 on the RBC
    Level 20: Action on mitochondrial ATP under hypoxia on cardiac function
The direct “antiviral targets” may be useful in the early stages while the anti-inflammatory targets might be addressed in the later stages of the disease.

Here's a translation of some of what Jam is saying. It's a response to the news of Oxford doing a test of ivermectin's effectiveness that is deliberately designed to fail:


View: https://twitter.com/EdoajoEric/status/1408101411049648134
 

Nemo

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I wonder why Dr. Peat isn't a fan of Ivermectin... Does anyone know?

Ivermectin can be dangerous if you overdose.

For example, a patient with schizophrenia sought treatment for scabies. The doctor prescribed an appropriate short-term dose of ivermectin.

But the patient had delusions of more bugs crawling all over her. So she went to six more doctors and got six more prescriptions for ivermectin.

When she was taking 7x the appropriate dose daily, and taking it for much longer than appropriate, she developed encephalopathy.

But ivermectin treatment effective for Covid requires only a short-term small dose. In Mexico, they used 12 mg for two days for all adults.

It's extremely effective and very safe at the doses recommended for Covid.

For long-term treatment for vaxxed people, they typically use HCQ as the main long-term treatment with an ivermectin dose once every two weeks.
 
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Peatness

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