The heart cannot be the sole driver of blood circulation

aliml

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Apr 17, 2017
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The circulation appears to be driven not only by the heart, but also by the vessels themselves. The fuel for this second driving mechanism lies in infrared energy, which emerges naturally from metabolic heat, as well as from external sources (solar energy).

Abstract​

The heart is widely acknowledged as the unique driver of blood circulation. Recently, we discovered a flow-driving mechanism that can operate without imposed pressure, using infrared (IR) energy to propel flow. We considered the possibility that, by exploiting this mechanism, blood vessels, themselves, could propel flow. We verified the existence of this driving mechanism by using a three-day-old chick-embryo model. When the heart was stopped, blood continued to flow, albeit at a lower velocity. When IR was introduced, flow increased, by ∼300%. When IR energy was diminished under otherwise physiological conditions, blood failed to flow. Hence, this IR-dependent, vessel-based flow-driving mechanism may indeed operate in the circulatory system, complementing the action of the heart.

Introduction​

Of all physiological functions, blood circulation stands as one of the most fundamental. Few cells can survive without proper circulation. Indeed, the significance of vascular flow is difficult to overstate (1).

The sole driver of blood flow is widely acknowledged to be pressure, mainly generated from the heart (2, 3). This paradigm is arguably one of the best known in biology, seemingly leaving little room for doubt.

On the other hand, blood can apparently flow without a beating heart. After the heart had been arrested, postmortem blood flow was confirmed in mice, rats, dogs, and chick embryos (4-7). The flow persisted from 15 minutes to several hours. Furthermore, some amphibian larvae could live up to 15 days, and even differentiate following surgical removal of the heart (8-10), implying an alternative means for propelling blood.
Continued blood flow without a beating heart raises an obvious question: could the heart be the sole driver of the circulation? Puzzled by clinical and experimental evidence that does not fit the current paradigm, generations of established physicians and physiologists since the 19th century have repeatedly raised this question (4, 11-15). Among those skeptics, the consensus is clear: the heart cannot be the only driver of the circulation; a complementary driving mechanism must exist in blood vessels, presumably in the capillaries (4, 12-15). However, the precise mechanism has remained unclear. Under the standard pressure-driven flow paradigm, it is not obvious that how blood vessels, especially capillaries, could pump blood by themselves (4, 12-15).

On the other hand, pressure is not the only way to drive fluid flow through a vessel. We recently discovered that flow can also arise from a driving force involving tubular surfaces. Surface activity can generate axial chemical concentration gradients, which can drive intratubular flow (16-18). Relative to pressure-driven flow, surface-induced flow has several distinct features, the most important of which may be its signature feature: the flow can be fueled by infrared radiation (IR) energy (18).

Here, in an avian circulatory model, we confirm several predictions arising from this flow mechanism. First, flow continues after cardiac ejection has been stopped; this implies some driving mechanism beyond ventricular ejection. Second, IR energy fuels this flow, both in the post-mortem situation and also in the normal physiological state. All of this demonstrates the existence of a second driver of blood flow, beyond the heart: the vessels, themselves.
 

LLight

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May 30, 2018
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Interesting, thank you.

This is validating his theory (Pollack), if it was needed.
 

Nokoni

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GTW

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Feb 20, 2021
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Makes sense especially re venous blood return. After passing through capillaries is the heart pump enough to move the venous blood? Horses have a "frog" in their hooves. Alternate compression in the feet when walking and running assisted by one-way valves in veins assists venous blood return in humans.
 

ww3not4me

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Duh....It's not that said see "Helical Heart"

Blood also has it's own propulsive force it just is not very strong.
 

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