Study Villefying Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids RETRACTED!

EndAllDisease

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As I research coconut oil on pubmed, I've realized there has been an ongoing battle for decades as to what is the best lipid emulsion to use in life support.

A study published in the European Journal of Anesthesiology in 2008 compared the use of pure (saturated) medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) emulsions to that of soybean oil/MCT and pure soybean oil. They reported that all except the pure MCT lipid emulsion added to life support (also called 'parenteral nutrition') caused liver injury.
"Hepatic integrity was well retained with the administration of structured triglycerides [MCT], whereas both MCT/LCT emulsion and LCT emulsion caused subclinical hepatic injury."
Hepatocellular integrity in patients requiring parenteral nutrition: comparison of structured MCT/LCT vs. a standard MCT/LCT emulsion and a LCT emu... - PubMed - NCBI

Funny how there has, for reasons untold, been a retraction notice to the study. I'm sure soon it will vanish from the pile of evidence from across the earth revealing the truth - that polyunsaturated fatty acids are poison. I've posted the link here so we can keep an eye on it.
 

Richiebogie

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Hi @FlatEarth,

I think the chemically structured triglycerides is a 60:40 ratio of MCT:LCT, not pure MCT.

Here is an earlier study from 1984 comparing 4 diets which defines chemically structured triglycerides:

Structured medium-chain and long-chain triglyceride emulsions are superior to physical mixtures in sparing body protein in the burned rat. - PubMed - NCBI

While they concluded that the chemically structured triglycerides was best for burned rats based on various biomarkers, they admit that pure MCT increased metabolism...

"A 30% increase in oxygen consumption and 35% increase in energy expenditure in rats given the medium-chain triglyceride emulsion alone (P less than 0.01) was observed".

I guess you will "spare body protein" if you slow metabolism with Safflower oil.

Perhaps for the extreme stress of an accident or surgery it is best to sedate the patient with PUFA...?

Strange how they don't also compare rat burn recovery rates on the 4 diets!

I guess it was 1984!
 
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Luna

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1 Triglyceride = 3 fatty acids

MCT (medium-chain-triglyceride)
= 3 medium chain fatty acids + glycerol

LCT (long-chain-triglyceride) = 3 long chain fatty acids + glycerol

Long chain fatty acids = fatty acids with many carbons in the range starting from around 16 carbons and onwards counting up: 17, 18, 22...; And some 18 length carbons are saturated, some are polyunsaturated

Medium chain fatty acids
= fatty acids with some carbons in the range of around 10, 12, 14 carbons.

[ @FlatEarth, I think you are jumping to conclusions naming LCT as something with a PUFA, for example maybe all the fatty acids inside the LCT is saturated 18 carbon length fatty acids, who knows?, and MCT is saturated 12 carbon length fatty acids in a triglyceride. It will be silly for anyone to conclude a LCT is a PUFA.

I think the article Structured medium-chain and long-chain triglyceride emulsions are superior to physical mixtures in sparing body protein in the burned rat. - PubMed - NCBI Richiebogie posted above attempts to investigate if the composition of fatty acids inside (inter) a triglyceride affects rats with burned skin. And they concluded it does, as they used a mixture of safflower oil fatty acids with medium chain fatty acids to form a triglyceride. They did not see (intra) blends of LCT and MCT triglycerides as affecting the rats much. Note, safflower oil is not 100% one kind of long chain fatty acid, it is mainly linoleic acid, but also some oleic, palmitic and stearic fatty acids according to Fatty Acid Composition Of Some Major Oils . The question is what type of fatty acids were in their LCT only, and MCT only triglycerides? i.e. only oleic? only 12 carbons?... or something else?
 
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OP
EndAllDisease

EndAllDisease

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I think the chemically structured triglycerides is a 60:40 ratio of MCT:LCT, not pure MCT.
Thanks for pointing that out. That's weird they would compare 'structured triglycerides', a mixture of mct/lc, "to a physical medium-chain triglycerides (MCT)/long-chain triglcerides (LCT) mixture". :S I swear some scientists need to get their ***t together and remember to keep things simple. Interesting how the focus in many studies around this time regarding fats was chain length as opposed to saturation.

I think you are jumping to conclusions naming LCT as something with a PUFA, for example maybe all the fatty acids inside the LCT is saturated 18 carbon length fatty acids, who knows?, and MCT is saturated 12 carbon length fatty acids in a triglyceride. It will be silly for anyone to conclude a LCT is a PUFA.
Good point Luna. It was definitely an assumption, but not without reason. The reason I assumed it was PUFA was because I've been reading a few hundred studies on coconut oil writing a chapter on it for my upcoming book and a study I came across earler used "LCT". In the abstract it was not mentioned exactly what this LCT lipid emulsion was made of, so I investigated further and found that it was soybean oil.

Here's the study: Effects of different lipid emulsions on lymphocyte function during total parenteral nutrition. - PubMed - NCBI
In they abstract they said one lipid emulsion used was "long-chain triglycerides (LCT) only".
They don't mention it in the abstract but I managed to find an image of the first page of the study and in it it reports using a mixture called Intralipid:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/...chase_site_license=LICENSE_DENIED_NO_CUSTOMER

A search on Intralipid reveals its generic name: Soybean Oil
Intralipid - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses
In the end, the unsaturated fats appear to have damaged the immune system and MCT showed a protective effect when used with the PUFA.

And with all that in mind, you're still right, it was a jump to conclusions that may or may not be correct.
I hate how all studies are not freely available for public use. Doctors get access to them, yet they are busy all day and usually think they know everything so they have no ambition or time to access them.
 

Luna

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@FlatEarth , in my opinion, the article there was very shallow in the abstract, and it is important to be as specific as possible.
When you dug deeper you found out that intralipids is soybean oil, but that does not get you any closer to knowing the exact fatty acid composition.

Level 6 --- Brand of Fats: Intralipids, brand2, brand3, brand4, ... all-brands.
Level 5 --- Oil Type: soybean oil, safflower oil, ..., olive oil, coconut oil, palm oil, vegetable oil,... all-oils.
Level 3 --- Glycerides: triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides.
Level 3 --- Carbon lengths in glycerides: LCT, MCT, SCT, LCD, MCD, SCD, LCM, MCM, SCM.
Level 2 --- Fatty Acids Grouped by carbon-carbon bond types: saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Level 1 --- Individual Types of Fatty Acid: 4 carbons, 6 carbons, 8 carbons, 12 carbons, palmitic, 17 carbons (like in milk products), stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, EPA, DHA... all-individual-types-of-fatty-acids.
--------analogy----------
Level 6 ---km
Level 5 --- dm
Level 4 --- m
Level 3 --- mm
Level 2 --- um
Level 1 --- nm
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The problem is that they did not use language with specificity, or like on a fine scale.
Saying a brand name does not tell us anything specifically about the fatty acid composition in that year, date and time for that particular brand's formulation of oil. {i.e. some oils have different fatty acids depending on processing technique or recipe.}
An ideal experiment would be:

Question: Do the composition of fatty acids in triglycerides affect rat's recovery from burns?

Hypothesis:
Incomplete Hypothesis-1 - We do not have enough data to say anything about our question.
Null Hypothesis 0 - ingested fats do not affect recovery
Hypothesis 1 - ingested fats affect recovery

Hypothesis 2 - type of glyceride do not affect recovery
Hypothesis 3 - type of glyceride increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 4 - triglycerides increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 5 - diglycerides increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 6 - monoglycerides increases speed of recovery

Hypothesis 7 - length of carbons inside a glyceride does not affect recovery
Hypothesis 8 - length of carbons inside a glyceride does affect recovery
Hypothesis 9 - length of carbons inside a triglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 10 - only long chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 11 - only medium chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride, increases speed of recovery

Hypothesis 12 - only short chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 13 - a blend of long and medium chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 14 - a blend of long and short chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 15 - a blend of medium and short chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 16 - length of carbons inside a diglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 17 - only long chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 18 - only medium chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 19 - only short chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 20 - a blend of long and medium chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 21 - a blend of long and short chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 22 - a blend of medium and short chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 23 - length of carbons inside a monoglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 24 - only long chain length of carbons inside a monoglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 25- only medium chain length of carbons inside a monoglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 26 - only short chain length of carbons inside a monoglyceride, increases speed of recovery

Hypothesis 27 - length of carbons in a blend of glycerides does not affect recovery
Hypothesis 28 - length of carbons in a blend of glycerides does affect recovery
Hypothesis 29 - length of carbons in a blend of triglycerides, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 30 - a blend of glycerides containing: only long chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride + only long chain length of carbons in a triglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 31 - a blend of glycerides containing: only long chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride + only medium chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride increases speed of recovery (we used 1:1 ratio of LCT : MCT ; oils were obtained from Intralipid brand - that used soybean oil in their production.)
Hypothesis 32 - a blend of glycerides containing: only long chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride + only short chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 33 - a blend of glycerides containing: only medium chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride + only medium chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 34 - a blend of glycerides containing: only medium chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride + only short chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 35 - a blend of glycerides containing: only short chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride + only short chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 36 - a blend of length of carbons inside trigylcerides, and paired with a solo-length of triglycerides to form a mixture, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 37 - a blend of glycerides containing: only long chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride + a blend of long and medium chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 38 - a blend of glycerides containing: only long chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride + a blend of long and short chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 39 - a blend of glycerides containing: only long chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride + a blend of medium and short chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 40 - a blend of glycerides containing: only medium chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride + a blend of long and medium chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride, increases speed of recovery (we used 60% MCT and 40% Safflower oil).
Hypothesis 41 - a blend of glycerides containing: only lmedium chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride + a blend of long and short chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 42 - a blend of glycerides containing: only medium chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride + a blend of medium and short chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 43 - a blend of glycerides containing: only short chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride + a blend of long and medium chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 44 - a blend of glycerides containing: only short chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride + a blend of long and short chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 45 - a blend of glycerides containing: only short chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride + a blend of medium and short chain length of carbons inside a triglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 46 - length of carbons in a blend of diglycerides, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 47 - a blend of glycerides containing: only long chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride + only long chain length of carbons in a diglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 48 - a blend of glycerides containing: only long chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride + only medium chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 49 - a blend of glycerides containing: only long chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride + only short chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 50 - a blend of glycerides containing: only medium chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride + only medium chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 51 - a blend of glycerides containing: only medium chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride + only short chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 52 - a blend of glycerides containing: only short chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride + only short chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 53 - a blend of length of carbons inside digylcerides, and paired with a solo-length of diglycerides to form a mixture, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 54 - a blend of glycerides containing: only long chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride + a blend of long and medium chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 55 - a blend of glycerides containing: only long chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride + a blend of long and short chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 56 - a blend of glycerides containing: only long chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride + a blend of medium and short chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 57 - a blend of glycerides containing: only medium chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride + a blend of long and medium chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 58 - a blend of glycerides containing: only lmedium chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride + a blend of long and short chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 59 - a blend of glycerides containing: only medium chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride + a blend of medium and short chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 60 - a blend of glycerides containing: only short chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride + a blend of long and medium chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 61 - a blend of glycerides containing: only short chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride + a blend of long and short chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 62 - a blend of glycerides containing: only short chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride + a blend of medium and short chain length of carbons inside a diglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 63 - length of carbons in a blend of monoglycerides, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 64 - a blend of glycerides containing: only long chain length of carbons inside a monoglyceride + only long chain length of carbons in a monoglyceride, increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 65 - a blend of glycerides containing: only long chain length of carbons inside a monoglyceride + only medium chain length of carbons inside a monoglyceride increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 66 - a blend of glycerides containing: only long chain length of carbons inside a monoglyceride + only short chain length of carbons inside a monoglyceride increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 67 - a blend of glycerides containing: only medium chain length of carbons inside a monoglyceride + only medium chain length of carbons inside a monoglyceride increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 68 - a blend of glycerides containing: only medium chain length of carbons inside a monoglyceride + only short chain length of carbons inside a monoglyceride increases speed of recovery
Hypothesis 69 - a blend of glycerides containing: only short chain length of carbons inside a monoglyceride + only short chain length of carbons inside a monoglyceride increases speed of recovery

Hypothesis 70 - carbon-carbon bond group type of fatty acids inside a glyceride does not affect recovery
Hypothesis 71 - carbon-carbon bond group type of fatty acids inside a glyceride does affect recovery
Hypothesis 72 - Only saturated carbon-carbon bond group type of fatty acids inside a glyceride does affect recovery
Hypothesis 73 - Only monounsaturated carbon-carbon bond group type of fatty acids inside a glyceride does affect recovery
Hypothesis 74 - Only polyunsaturated carbon-carbon bond group type of fatty acids inside a glyceride does affect recovery
Hypothesis 75 - A blend of saturated and monounsaturated carbon-carbon bond group type of fatty acids inside a glyceride does affect recovery
Hypothesis 76 - A blend of saturated and polyunsaturated carbon-carbon bond group type of fatty acids inside a glyceride does affect recovery
Hypothesis 77 - A blend of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated carbon-carbon bond group type of fatty acids inside a glyceride does affect recovery
Hypothesis 78 - A blend of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated carbon-carbon bond group type of fatty acids inside a glyceride does affect recovery

Hypothesis 79 - Only name_fatty_acids (i.e. oleic fatty acids) inside a glyceride does affect recovery
Hypothesis 80 - A blend of name1_fatty_acids + name2_fatty_acids (i.e. oleic fatty acids + palmitic fatty acids) inside a glyceride does affect recovery
Hypothesis 81 - A blend of name1_fatty_acids + name2_fatty_acids + name3_fatty_acids (i.e. oleic fatty acids + palmitic fatty acids + stearic fatty acids) inside a glyceride does affect recovery


Methods:
Fats
- We used fats from FatBrand_Name1, FatBrand_Name2,..., and Intralipids brand, to create these trials.
- Fats were from Lot#### Batch### date,time, year, formulation...;
- These brands sourced their oils from, plant_name1, plant_name2, mineral_name1, mineral_name2, seed_name1, seed_name2, fruit_name1, fruit_name2...and soybean oil, to create these trials.
- The composition of fatty acids, identified with testing_method(s), in each brands were:
70% oleic, 20% palmitic, 10% stearic in Brand_Name1
60% linolenic, 20% oleic, 20%stearic in Brand_Name2.
- We chose Brand_Name1 to represent our LCT trials.
- We heated and centrifuged Brand_Name1 to isolate and obtain oleic fatty acids to represent our LCM trials, we added glycerol to restructure the individual oleic fatty acids to form monoglycerides with fatty acids only. Purity of the restructured compounds in our labs was identified with testing_method2, and p-value is ### with confidence interval of ###.

Rats
- We used rats from Lab_Name1.
- These rats are species_Name1.
- We kept them in these conditions...;
- We fed them a diet of ...;
- The brand of food FoodBrand_Name1,...;
- The food composition contained these fats, proteins, sugars,...;

Design
- Number of subjects
- Number of trials
- Number of repeated trials
- Number of replicates
...

Conclusion
We conclude that we can not publish anything, as the current lab results places us in the "Incomplete Hypothesis-1 - We do not have enough data to say anything about our question".
We were only able to partially test hypothesis 10, 11, 31, and 40, and that is not enough data for us to conclude anything. We need to buy more rats, get better fat suppliers, with more purity in oil production with less contaminants, and create a better experimental design, and get more funding to hire more experimenters to run this lab to answer our question.
 

Richiebogie

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Messages
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Location
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Hi @Luna,

You have pinpointed the difference between the self-funded gentleman scientist prior to the 20th century and the corporate funded scientist of today.

The self-funded scientist would search for the best solution whereas the corporate-funded scientist wants to mislead by showing that their patented product is better than one other thing in a limited number of irrelevant circumstances.

People put their faith in this sort of scam.
 

Luna

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Joined
Apr 2, 2016
Messages
44
Hi @Richiebogie,

My main point is that scientists and readers should be thorough in our thinking before we draw conclusions.
Funding is secondary or tertiary to an experiment, the thought process is the primary concern.

It is only a "scam" when no one does their homework, and applies the info incorrectly while trading the service for money.

@FlatEarth
It is more useful to spend your time searching for flawless articles, than posting rejected articles.
Though the value of understanding why an article might be rejected, is valuable to developing skills of identifying what an ideal article should look like.


A search on Intralipid reveals its generic name: Soybean Oil
Intralipid - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses
In the end, the unsaturated fats appear to have damaged the immune system and MCT showed a protective effect when used with the PUFA.
No.
you can't say it is "in the end, the unsaturated fats appear to have damaged the immune system..."

There may be other materials (i.e. aluminum) that are present along with the fats they are administering, and those might be causing problems:
https://www.drugs.com/pro/intralipid.html said:
WARNING: This product contains aluminum that may be toxic. Aluminum may reach toxic levels with prolonged parenteral administration if kidney function is impaired. Premature neonates are particularly at risk because their kidneys are immature, and they require large amounts of calcium and phosphate solutions, which contain aluminum.

Research indicates that patients with impaired kidney function, including premature neonates, who receive parenteral levels of aluminum at greater than 4 to 5 mcg/kg/day accumulate aluminum at levels associated with central nervous system and bone toxicity. Tissue loading may occur at even lower rates of administration.

Precautions
When Intralipid® is administered, the patients capacity to eliminate the infused fat from the circulation must be monitored by use of an appropriate laboratory determination of serum triglycerides. Overdosage must be avoided.

During long term intravenous nutrition with Intralipid®, liver function tests should be performed. If these tests indicate that liver function is impaired, the therapy should be withdrawn. Frequent (some advise daily) platelet counts should be done in neonatal patients receiving parenteral nutrition with Intralipid®.

Drug product contains no more than 25 mcg/L of aluminum.

If infants are to be monitored for kidney function because of aluminum inside the product, and also to be monitored for liver impairments,
i wonder if the rats with such a small body, smaller than a human infant should be monitored for aluminum toxicity while they are being used in experimental studies. Using products like these may introduce other variables to the study and may affect the rats compared to other oils and fats of other brands or formulations used for other carbon lengths in the study.
 
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