Satan Wrap

Amazoniac

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- Toxicity and biodegradation of plastics: A review

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- Endocrine disrupting chemicals in commercially available cling film brands in South Africa

"Cling films comprise of plasticizers which are known endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Cling films are commonly used for food packaging and EDCs may leach into food, increasing exposure, leading to adverse health outcomes. We determined the levels of common selected EDCs expected in commercial cling film brands sold in South Africa. We tested for para-nonylphenol (p-NP), bisphenol A (BPA), bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), and phthalates [di-2-ethyhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and dibutylphthalate (DBP)]. We selected eight brands of cling film and used standard chromatography methods to extract compounds. We found p-NP in one brand (2.06 µg/kg) and BPA in two brands (1.48 and 1.61 µg/kg). Five brands contained DEHP (2.1–2.59 mg/kg), DBP (0.62–1.21 mg/kg) and DEHA (165.89–674.07 mg/kg). Levels of DEHA and DEHP in the cling film are associated with potential human health risks. The maximum level of DEHA ranged from 1.6 to 16 times the safe level, with a calculated hazard quotient of 1.4. The two cling film brands made from low density polyethylene (LDPE), both endorsed by the Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA), had target chemicals below the detection limit."

"Plastic food packaging films are commonly used to wrap foods and for reheating and cooking in microwave ovens (Inoue et al. 2001). Plastic film was first made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The PVC-based films were made softer and more flexible with the addition of plasticizers, most often bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), and phthalates, including dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) (ATSDR 2001, 2002; Latini et al. 2006). These plasticizers are not covalently bound to the plastic material and are consequently released into the environment with time and use (Latini et al. 2006). The migration of plasticizers from plastics into food has been studied, in particular some adipates and phthalates, for example, DEHA, which was found in foods wrapped in PVC film (Castle et al. 1987; Startin et al. 1987; Inoue et al. 2001). Lipophilic substances can migrate to foods, especially high fat foods such as cheeses, fatty fish, and meat (Kozyrod and Ziaziaris 1989; Goulas et al. 2007; Fasano et al. 2012; Seiler et al. 2014), particularly when cooked or defrosted in microwave ovens (Moreira et al. 2014). Wrapped foodstuffs are therefore a source for human exposure (Fasano et al. 2012). Phthalate esters DEHP and DBP have been linked to reproductive abnormalities (Foster et al. 2001; Sharpe 2001; Latini et al. 2006; Martino-Andrade and Chahoud 2010; Manikkam et al. 2013; Chen et al. 2017). These compounds are now prohibited or regulated (EC 2002) in most countries due to their potential endocrine disrupting effects. Cling films can vary in thickness from 8–25 mmwith plasticizers making up 10–30% of the film (Fasano et al. 2012)."

"Other chemicals of interest include para-nonylphenol (p-NP) and bisphenol A (BPA). para-Nonylphenol (p-NP) is used in the manufacturing of surfactants and plastics (Inoue et al. 2001; Votavova et al. 2009). It is a well-studied EDC with estrogenic properties (Soto et al. 1991; Votavova et al. 2009; Puy-Azurmendi et al. 2014; Kimet al. 2015; Noorimotlagh et al. 2017), it is found in food (Guenther et al. 2002; Muncke 2009), food packaging (Fasano et al. 2012) and also in environmental water samples (Inoue et al. 2001; Careghini and Mastorgio 2015). para-Nonylphenol is known to leach from plastic cling film into food (Bornman et al. 1997; Inoue et al. 2001) and is found in domestic and commercial cling films at levels ranging < 500–3300 mg/g (Inoue et al. 2001). Aside from plastic contamination, p-NP can accumulate in foods via different pathways, including disinfectancts and pesticides used to manufacture food products (Guenther et al. 2002) and, as a result, they are found in almost all foods. A study investigating the migration of NP from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) milk containers found that temperature had an effect on NP levels found in the milk surrogate after 15 days at 40C, 580 ± 25 ng/L this was higher than that in water, 230 ± 12 ng/L (Loyo-Rozales et al. 2004). Bisphenol A (BPA) is extensively used in many different types of food packaging (Muncke 2009; von Goetz et al. 2010; Fasano et al. 2012). Bisphenols and their derivatives are known endocrine disruptors in humans and may also be potentially carcinogenic (Keri et al. 2007; Pocas et al. 2008; Soto et al. 2013) especially at chronic low dose exposure (Welshons et al. 2006; Muncke 2009)."


"Only two of the cling film brands tested in this study (brands A and F) were below the detection limit for all target chemicals, both brands are made from low density polyethylene (LDPE). Brands A and F are also the only two brands in this study with the CANSA smart choice seal. (CANSA Smart Choice Seal – Cling Wrap). We measured DEHP, DBP, and DEHA concentrations that were above the US-FDA threshold of 0.5 ng/ml for single substances present in the diet from food packaging material (Muncke 2011). This may pose a potential health risk as the overall migrate from the packaging material may act synergistically or additively (Muncke 2011). A similar study by Bonini et al. (2008) in Italy could not measure plasticizers in PVC-free cling films, but found DEHA, BBP, and DEHP in other cling films and plastic bags used for food freezing (Inoue et al. 2001)."

"We detected p-NP in one of the commercial brands at a concentration of 0.002 mg/g. This level is much lower than the levels of p-NP detected in cling films by Inoue et al. (2001), who recorded concentrations of up to 3300 mg/g. PVC cling films used in German supermarkets also had high levels of p-NP, ranging from 0.44–1.72 mg/g (Votavova et al. 2009). In another South African study, Bornman et al. (1997) found higher levels of p-NP in nine cling film brands ranging between 1 and 440 mg/kg. We detected low levels of BPA in the two brands of cling film (D = 0.0015 mg/kg and G = 0.0016 mg/kg), these levels were much lower than those found in PVC-based films, where four of the five PVC films had BPA levels ranging from 40–500 mg/kg (Lopez-Cervantes and Paseiro-Losada 2003). Since 2006, BPA and p-NP in cling film have been recognized as NIAS [non-intentionally added substances], as neither are used to manufacture LDPE. The low levels of BPA and p-NP found in samples (this study) confirm these changes in manufacturing. These levels pose a negligible health risk (Table 5) according to USEPA guidelines. These NIASs may originate from antioxidants in laboratory equipment and materials (vessels, tubes, detergents, etc.), or pollution during the washing steps when the packaging was manufactured (Poças and Hogg 2007). The fact that considerably lower levels of p-NP were detected in cling film samples in this study compared to the study by Bornman et al. (1997) is encouraging, indicating that the manufacturers of cling film are using safer alternatives compared to the materials previously used."

"We found high levels of DEHA and DEHP in commercial bands (B, C, and H), which are PVC-based cling films and may pose a significant health risk (Table 1). We based our health risk assessment on the highest concentration of DEHA and DEHP observed in all samples. Exposure to DEHP resulted in carcinogenic risks slightly greater than the acceptable risk level, ranging from 2 in 10,000 to 2 in 100,000 risk. These risks represent a worst-case scenario, and are based on using cling film daily over a 30 year period. The risk associated with DEHA exposure was higher, with possible toxic (non-carcinogenic) effects possibly over 15 times safe levels. Brands B, C, and H are used by many caterers and in the meat industry for food packaging, resulting in increased exposure to the general public. In-utero and earlylife nutritional factors and exposures to environmental toxicants ranging from heavy metals to EDCs like those found in cling film can result in the development of non-communicable diseases and can affect metabolism, immune system function, neurodevelopment, and reproductive function, possibly having an effect at epigenetic level in adults (Balbus et al. 2013; Barouki et al. 2012). This highlights the need for caution and more detailed research to establish additional representative exposures."


"Our study identifies brands of cling films containing chemicals that are known endocrine disruptors with potential carcinogenic effects (USEPA 1991, 1992). Some of these chemicals might be NIAS from the raw material contaminants, or formed during the production process or migrate from other sources like printing inks on the packaging etc. (Nerin et al. 2013). We found that cling films, used both domestically and commercially, pose exposure risks to South African consumers. It must be kept in mind that unknown and unidentified migrating substances might be present which are not included in a risk assessment (Muncke et al. 2017) and therefore the actual risks might be underestimated in this study. In addition, sensitive windows of exposure as described in Balbus et al. (2013) where effects may occur if exposure takes place during highly sensitive life stages such as fetal development and early childhood are not considered in the health risk assessment. A migration study, exploring the volatility of plasticizers under different conditions is recommended but was beyond the scope of this study. Countries such as Canada, the European Union (EU), and the United States are looking for safer alternatives to replace low molecular weight phthalates, which have recently been classified as Category 1B Reproductive agents. However, sometimes the products that show promise as safer alternatives may later prove to have endocrine disruptive activity (Boisvert et al. 2016). Three of the phthalates, DBP, BBP, and DEHP are subject to restrictions for their use in the production of plastics in the EU, as they have been classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, or toxic to reproduction (Geuke et al. 2014). Both consumers and commercial suppliers should be alerted to the differing quality of plastic packaging materials and their potential health effects."

- Making A Case - Is drinking wine sold with screwcaps compromising your health? | Noted


How much gets adsordeb through the skin? There are members wearing these before socks to cover applied poison A and venom D. A suicide attempt? Extremely toxic!!1
- Estrogenic Endocrine Disruptors: Molecular Mechanisms Of Action
 
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yerrag

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Manila
They are excellent for the microwave lol
 
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