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Good morning Dr. Peat,
I'm emailing you with a degree of urgency regarding whether you could do a consultation for me and my wife; she is 21 years old, 30 weeks pregnant with our first child and at risk for pre-eclampsia, and we're getting a lot of recommendations from our doctor. We're also worried she has intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy because of a severe itch that she's had for the past week.
So far the doctor seems to have given good recommendations, including progesterone and aspirin, but I am trying to wrap my head around some of what he's prescribing, including betametasone injections for the baby's lungs in case of early delivery, which I've not been able to find out much about. Even if I could, my knowledge of how steroids/cortico steroids work is still extremely limited. I am also concerned because he has told us that we should consider inducing labour considerably early.
I would greatly appreciate if you could help us.
Sincerely,
[Redacted]
Ray Peat said:
Has she had blood tests for thyroid, vitamin D, and the ratio of progesterone to estrogen? Have you been following her temperature? What are her main foods? How much milk does she drink? How much protein does she average per day? Does she salt her food to taste? Why do they think she’s at risk of pre-eclampsia?
I replied:
Thanks for the reply. He believes her to be at risk because her mother had high-blood pressure and preeclampsia during all of her pregnancies, and lost one child to it in the late 3rd trimester. In fact there was no worry on part of the doctor until I mentioned this to him, and then he got worried, taking her blood pressure (which was 138systolic / 97 diastolic, 91 bpm heartrate), and then he had her go to get betametasone shots today, which has given me a very uneasy feeling. We are supposed to get the second and final dose tomorrow, but I am not sure if we should; the injections were very painful for my wife, stressed her out very much, and she has felt nauseated all day afterwards. It has felt like a whirlwind of tests and medication that we don't feel comfortable about since I mentioned to the doctor that her mom had preeclampsia. I've attached screenshots of a typical day of eating for her. She hates milk on its own so it's difficult for her to drink it unless it's made into hot chocolate, which I make for her with gelatin on some nights. We try to get salt her food, but I suspect it's not enough, so when she ever feels nausea I have her drink either salted orange juice or water. I was surprised to just find out now that she has not had either progesterone or estrogen tested; I assumed she had since the doctor had prescribed her vaginally inserted progesterone. She has not had vitamin D tested either, but here is her thyroid profile: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone 4.058 uUI/mL Total Triiodothyronine (total T3) 1.42 ng/mL Free Triiodothyronine (free T3) 2.5 pg/mL Total Thyroxine (T4) 7.74 ug/dL Free Thyroxine (free T4) 0.69 ng/dL T3 Uptake 38.34% Thyroxine (T4) Recruitment 0.93 ug/dL Free Thyroxine Index 2.2
I will add that we have not been tracking her temperature, but after breakfast today it was 36.1°C
We just had a test done to measure protein lost in the urine over 24 hours and the result was 242mg. Does that tell you anything?
Ray Peat said:
50 to 60 years ago, a few doctors’ (e.g., Brewer, Shanklin, Hodin) research clarified the nature of preeclampsia and toxemia of pregnancy, but medical schools continue to teach a strange gene-based doctrine, that used to be closely involved with the ideology of eugenics. Have you seen any changes in her blood glucose, temperature, or cholesterol level? I think her TSH indicates that her thyroid function is low, which can contribute to the various signs of preeclampsia.
"The new recommendations for TSH levels during pregnancy are the following: First trimester: less than 2.5 with a range of 0.1-2.5. Second trimester: 0.2-3.0. Third trimester: 0.3-3.0.Nov 9, 2011"
Guidelines for Thyroid Disease in Pregnancy: Key Pointshttps://www.medscape.com › viewarticle
I said:
Thanks for that... I am frustrated with our doctor because even just today when I asked him if there was any way to prevent the kidneys from dumping protein into the urine, or what's causing it, and he said "No, we just have to watch and if it gets too high, it's pre eclampsia and we'll have to get the baby out."
It seems very irrational to me, but it appears he is used to people who don't ask him any questions, and my education is still lacking so there's not much I can say.
Do you know how intrahepatic cholestasis and its symptoms can be reversed? My wife is suffering a terrible itch that prevents her from sleeping.
I appreciate the help, I will make sure we test her progesterone, cholesterol, estrogen, and cortisol in her next test.
Ray Peat said:
Has she been salting her food? How much milk was she drinking previously during the pregnancy? Is she taking vitamin D? That should be tested too. Has she used aspirin for the itch? Has she used a lotion with an antihistamine or local anesthetic? A solution of aspirin in warm water, or with a little alcohol such as vodka, might help the itch.
Annals of Internal Medicine August 1, 1995
Effects of Naloxone Infusions in Patients with the Pruritus of Cholestasis: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial
Nora Valeria Bergasa David W. AllingThomas L. Talbot Mark G. SwainCihan Yurdaydin Maria L. Turner Joseph M. Schmitt …
To determine whether endogenous opioids contribute to the pruritus of cholestasis by studying the effect of the opiate antagonist naloxone on the perception of pruritus and on scratching activity in patients with this form of pruritus.
Design:
Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial with four periods.
Setting:
Clinical research referral center.
Patients:
29 pruritic patients with liver diseases of various causes.
Intervention:
Each patient received as many as two naloxone and two placebo solution infusions consecutively in random order. Each infusion lasted 24 hours.
Measurements:
During the infusions, visual analog scores of pruritus were recorded every 4 hours while patients were awake; scratching activity independent of limb movements was recorded continuously.
Results:
One patient had a mild reaction consistent with a naloxone-precipitated syndrome similar to opiate withdrawal. A significant 24-hour rhythm of scratching activity was seen in 7 of 11 patients for whom complete 96-hour data were collected. The mean of a visual analog score of the perception of pruritus (maximum, 10.0) recorded during naloxone infusions was 0.582 lower than that recorded during placebo infusions (95% CI, 0.176 to 0.988; P < 0.01). Furthermore, the ratio of the geometric mean hourly scratching activity during naloxone infusions to that during placebo infusions was 0.727 (CI, 0.612 to 0.842; P < 0.001) and was greater than 1.0 in only five patients.
Conclusions:
Naloxone administration is associated with amelioration of the perception of pruritus and reduction of scratching activity in cholestatic patients. Because of the opioid receptor specificity of the action of naloxone, these findings support the hypothesis that a mechanism underlying the pruritus of cholestasis is modulated by endogenous opioids and suggest that opiate antagonists may have a role in the management of this complication of cholestasis.
======
Effect of oral naltrexone on pruritus in cholestatic patientshttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › articles › PMC4087908
by F Mansour-Ghanaei · 2006 · Cited by 85 — Injection of cholestatic patient's serum to monkey's medulla can cause pruritus that is controlled by naloxone[24]. Several recent studies indicate that opioid antagonists such as naloxone and nalmefene are effective in reducing pruritus in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis[18,25-27].
======
Use in Pregnancy
Teratogenic Effects: Pregnancy Category C: Teratology studies conducted in mice and rats at doses 4-times and 8-times, respectively, the dose of a 50 kg human given 10 mg/day (when based on surface area or mg/m2), demonstrated no embryotoxic or teratogenic effects due to NARCAN (naloxone) . There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, NARCAN (naloxone) should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
I said:
She has been salting her food. The most she would ever drink was maybe 1-2cups per day, I've found her a strawberry milk that she likes and have her eating sugary cereal with milk in the morning, so she's probably drinking a litre per day now.
She is taking vitamin D, I will make sure we test that too.
I gave her a large dose of aspirin (1g) and baking soda last night, and it helped a little bit but not much. Do you mean applied topically with water/vodka?
She has taken oral antihistamines to no effect, I will see about a topical antihistamine.
So, it looks like NARCAN could help the symptoms, but I'm assuming it doesn't address the root cause?
Is she salting her food to taste? It’s important, along with thyroid and progesterone, ror maintaining her blood volume, to perfuse her kidneys and placenta. I think the aspirin is helpful as long as it’s helping the symptoms. What city do you live in? In recent years I’ve noticed an exaggerated authoritarianism in Mexican doctors, and don’t know what explains it. In the 1960s, there was a wave of humanization in the medical schools, but that faded away quickly.
Hi Dr. Peat, I'm messaging you again because I don't know what to do, and the doctor has ramped up the urgency; we just got my wife's test results from yesterday of proteins lost in the urine, and it was extremely high.
2016mg/24hrs, which I think is over 10x normal.
Can it be because we have increased the amount of protein in her diet? Her previous result last week was around 300-400mg/24 hours but since then we have increased her protein intake quite a bit.
Now the doctor is recommending removing the baby immediately, and I honestly don't know if my wife's kidney/liver function can be restored before it hurts the baby, if we weren't to go forward with the C-section. We are extremely uncomfortable with delivering this early, 34 weeks, for every reason you can imagine. They estimate he weighs only 5.15 lbs at this moment.
I know you probably can't give direct advice for legal reasons but I am completely at a loss for what to do, and I am extremely worried about the baby and what they will do to him for a month in ICU. Never mind the cost.
Thank you,
Ray Peat said:
What kind of protein did she increase? How did she feel at the time? Did her level of activity change? Did her blood pressure increase as suddenly? Has her blood glucose changed? Has she had cravings for salt or sugar? Is she using progesterone or thyroid or other supplements? The amount of protein you eat, and your activity level, will affect both protein and creatine. Did he measure the protein to creatine ratio?
Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2013 Oct;170(2):368-71.
Comparison of 24-hour urinary protein and protein-to-creatinine ratio in women with preeclampsia
Semra Kayatas, Emre Erdogdu, Erbil Cakar, Vefa Yılmazer, Sevcan Arzu Arınkan, Vedat Erkan Dayıcıoglu
Objective: To compare the spot urine protein-to-creatinine (P/C) ratio and 24-hour urine protein excretion in pregnant women with preeclampsia and also to determine the best discriminator values of the spot P/C ratios for 300 mg and 2000 mg protein per 24h.
Study design: Prospective study of 200 pregnant women with new onset hypertension at or greater than 140/90 mmHg after 20 weeks of gestation. Women were instructed to collect urine during a 24-hour period, and after the 24-hour urine sample collection was completed a mid-stream urine specimen was obtained for P/C ratio determination. The correlation between 24-hour urine protein excretion and spot urine P/C ratio was calculated. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to identify the cut-off values of the spot P/C ratios for 300 mg and 2000 mg protein per 24h. Areas under ROC curves were calculated.
Results: There was a significant correlation between 24-hour protein excretion and the urine P/C ratio (r=0.828, p<0.0001). The cut-off P/C ratio for 300 mg per 24h was 0.28: sensitivity and specificity were 60.4% and 77.9%, respectively. The positive predictive value (PPV) was 77.5% and negative predictive value (NPV) was 60.9%. The cut-off P/C ratio for 2000 mg per 24h was 0.77: sensitivity and specificity were 96.8% and 98.6%, respectively. The PPV was 96.8% and NPV was 98.6%. Area under ROC curves for 24-hour urine total protein of 300-2000 mg/day and >2000 mg/day were 0.74 (95% CI 0.66-0.80) and 0.99 (95% CI 0.95-0.99), respectively.
Conclusions: Spot P/C ratio is a poor predictor of 24-hour proteinuria but can predict proteinuria >2000 mg better than 300-2000 mg.
I said:
Hi Dr. Peat,
We did not end up doing the c-section. However, my wife appears to only be getting worse, and our new doctor (our old one dropped us I think because I told him "no" to the c-section) is just as eager to get the baby out as the old one.
To answer your questions:
We increased all kinds of protein: potato, meat, gelatin, milk.
Her activity levels have decreased, she is getting weaker and she gets nauseous if she's standing for any significant amount of time.
Her blood pressure has slowly but steadily been climbing. This morning we measured 146/106.
She is taking both thyroid and progesterone.
Her swelling/edema in the legs is getting worse, and she constantly has a feeling of "not feeling good." And she has remarked occasionally that she feels like she is slowly dying.
I have been wondering, could the blood thinning drugs she is taking actually be worsening the problem? Isn't it an issue of blood volume, and could the blood thinners be contributing to low blood volume? She is taking:
-Anhydrous Methyldopa (1g throughout the day)
-Nifedipine (60mg throughout the day) (both this and the methyldopa were prescribed for her hypertension)
And between 600-1200mg aspirin daily, depending how she's feeling.
Her high blood pressure and edema has persisted despite how much salt she supplements. It is hard to get her to eat enough protein because it is difficult for her to eat at all, I think partly due to organ cramming, and because she spends most of the day now lying down. We have been shooting for 2L of milk every day.
Any help or tips are appreciated. The new doctor wants another blood test and protein/creatinine test, we will probably be doing those on Wednesday.
Ray Peat said:
Is she drinking any orange juice? Was the blood for the test drawn early in the morning? If she had eaten anything, I think her blood glucose should have been higher. Is she drinking any orange juice? It might make her feel better, and it would lower inflammation.
I said:
Hey Dr. Peat, my wife suddenly got very sick and began to have many contractions, so we ended up having the c-section last night.
I appreciate all your help, I wondered if you knew of any resources to help baby since he is so premature? He weighed 2.5 kg at birth. It looks like he will be out of the NICU in a few days. I hope to mitigate the negative effects of his unideal birth as much as possible.
Ray Peat said:
Putting a little progesterone on the soles of his feet for a couple of weeks will reduce stress and help his nervous system to mature.
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