Post Miscellaneous Information About Co2

meatbag

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Did you check Ray's site and look at the references section?

Genes, Carbon Dioxide and Adaptation
"The proteins' electrical charge, relationship to water and fats, and shape, change quickly and reversibly as the concentration of carbon dioxide changes; in the absence of carbon dioxide, these properties tend to change irreversibly under the influence of metabolic stress."

O. Rahn, "Protozoa need carbon dioxide for growth," Growth 5, 197-199, 1941. "
On page 113 of this volume, the statement of Valley and Rettger that all bacteria need carbon dioxide for growth had been shown to apply to young as well as old cells." "...it is possible...to remove it as rapidly as it is produced, and under these circumstances, bacteria cannot multiply."

Y. Henderson, "Carbon Dioxide," Cyclopedia of Medicine, 1940. "

Before considering these matters, it will be best that the mind be cleared of certain deep rooted misconceptions that have long opposed the truth and impeded its applications. It will be seen that carbon dioxide is truly the breath of life."
"The human mind is inherently inclined to take a moralistic view of nature. Prior to the modern scientific era, which only goes back a generation or two, if indeed it can be said as yet even to have begun in popular thought, nearly every problem was viewed as an alternative between good and evil, righteousness and sin, God and the Devil. This superstitious slant still distorts the conceptions of health and disease; indeed, it is mainly derived from the experience of physical suffering. Lavoisier contributed unintentionally to this conception when he defined the life supporting character of oxygen and the suffocating power of carbon dioxide. Accordingly, for more than a century after his death, and even now in the field of respiration and related functions, oxygen typifies the Good and carbon dioxide is still regarded as a spirit of Evil. There could scarcely be a greater misconception of the true biological relations of these gases." "Carbon dioxide is the chief hormone of the entire body; it is the only one that is produced by every tissue and that probably acts on every organ. In the regulation of the functions of the body, carbon dioxide exerts at least 3 well defined influences: (1) It is one of the prime factors in the acid-base balance of the blood. (2) It is the principal control of respiration. (3) It exerts an essential tonic influence upon the heart and peripheral circulation."
"A frog's muscle will contract effectively and repeatedly under suitable stimulation in an atmosphere of pure nitrogen. In contraction, a muscle produces lactic acid, partly by reconversion into sugar. In other words, oxygen is not one of the primary factors in muscular work. The reserve store of oxygen in the body is small. Vigorous breathing does not take place before an exertion; the exertion is first made and then the oxygen needed to clear the system in preparation for another exertion is absorbed. The demand for oxygen for this scavenging of waste and restoration of power is termed by A.V. Hill the "oxygen deficit" of exercise."
"On the other hand, present knowledge indicates that carbon dioxide is an absolutely essential component of protoplasm. It is one of the factors in the balance of alkali and acid for the maintenance of the normal pH of the tissues. Acapnia, that is diminution of the normal content of carbon dioxide, involves therefore, a disturbance of one of the fundamental conditions of life."
"These observations upon the circulation showed also that in animals reduced to a state of shock the carbon dioxide of the blood, or as it now be generally termed, the "alkaline reserve," is greatly reduced. This experimental result was later confirmed by the observations of Cannon upon wounded soldiers during the war."
"Catatonia.---Finally, mention may be made of the extraordinary observations reported by the late A.S. Lovenhart, in which he found that inhalation of carbon dioxide to cases of catatonia induced a temporary restoration of intelligence and mental responsiveness. The simplest explanation of the results in these cases is attained by postulating an habitual contraction of blood-vessels in the brain of the catatonic patient, similar to that in the heart and limbs of the cases discussed in the previous section. If this view is correct, the beneficial effects of the inhalation are due to improvement in the circulation in the brain under the influence of carbon dioxide upon the finer blood vessels."

Vojnosanit Pregl 1996 Jul-Aug;53(4):261-74. [Carbon dioxide inhibits the generation of active forms of oxygen in human and animal cells and the significance of the phenomenon in biology and medicine]. Boljevic S, Kogan AH, Gracev SV, Jelisejeva SV, Daniljak IG

Carbon dioxide (CO2) influence in generation of active oxygen forms (AOF) in human mononuclear cells (blood phagocytes and alveolar macrophages) and animal cells (tissue phagocytes, parenchymal and interstitial cells of liver, kidney, lung, brain and stomach) was investigated. The AOF generation was examined by the methods of chemiluminiscence (CL) using luminol, lucigenin and NBT (nitro blue tetrazolium) reaction. It was established that CO2 in concentrations similar to those in blood (5.1%, pCO2 37.5 mmHg) and at high concentrations (8.2%, pCO2 60 mmHg; 20%, pCO2 146 mmHg) showed pronounced inhibitory effect on the AOF generation in all the studied cells (usually reducing it 2 to 4 times). Those results were obtained not only after the direct contact of isolated cells with CO2, but also after the whole body exposure to CO2. Besides, it was established that venous blood gas mixture (CO2 - 45 mmHg, +O2 - 39 mmHg, + N2 - 646 mmHg) inhibited the AOF generation in cited cells more than the arterial blood gas mixture (CO2 - 40 mmHg, + O2 - 95 mmHg, + N2 - 595 mmHg). Carbon dioxide action mechanism was developed partially through the inhibition of the OAF generation in mitochondria and through deceleration of NADPH oxidative activity. Finally, it was established that CO2 led to the better coordination of oxidation and phosphorylation and increased the phosphorylation velocity in liver mitochondria. The results clearly confirmed the general property of CO2 to inhibit significantly the AOF generation in all the cell types. This favors the new explanation of the well-known evolutionary paradox: the Earth life and organisms preservation when the oxygen, that shows toxic effects on the cells through the AOF, occurs in the atmosphere. The results can also be used to explain in a new way the vasodilating effect of CO2 and the favorable hypercapnotherapy influence on the course of some bronchial asthma forms. The results are probably significant for the analysis of important bio-ecological problem, such as the increase of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere and its effect on the humans and animals.

Aviakosm Ekolog Med 1997;31(6):56-9. [Functional activity of peripheral blood neutrophils of rats during combined effects of hypoxia, hypercapnia and cooling]. Baev VI, Kuprava MV

Functional activity of neutrophilic leukocytes was studied in blood of rats immediately following single and repeated gradual increase in carbon dioxide and decrease in oxygen concentrations with the ambient temperature at 2 to 3 degrees C. Phagocytic activity was shown to alter as the number of phagocyticneutrophilic granulocytes, absorptivity or the phagocytic index, and the coefficient of phagocytosis completeness were elevated and levels of oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent metabolism were reduced.

Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol 1997 Mar-Apr;(2):204-17. [Carbon dioxide--a universal inhibitor of the generation of active oxygen forms by cells]. Kogan AKh, Grachev SV, Eliseeva SV, Bolevich S

Studies were carried out on blood phagocytes and alveolar macrophages of 96 humans, on the cells of the viscera and tissue phagocytes (liver, brain, myocardium, lungs, kidneys, stomach, and skeletal muscle), and liver mitochondria of 186 random bred white mice. Generation of the active oxygen forms was determined using different methods after direct effect of CO2 on the cells and biopsies and indirect effect of CO2 on the integral organism. The results obtained suggest that CO2 at a tension close to that observed in the blood (37.0 mm Hg) and high tensions (60 or 146 mm Hg) is a potent inhibitor of generation of the active oxygen forms by the cells and mitochondria of the human and tissues. The mechanism of CO2 effect appears to be realized, partially, through inhibition of the NADPH-oxidase activity. The results are important for deciphering of a paradox of evolution, life preservation upon appearance of oxygen in the atmosphere and succession of anaerobiosis by aerobiosis, and elucidation of some other problems of biology and medicine, as well as analysis of the global bioecological problem, such as ever increasing CO2 content in the atmosphere.

Ukr Biokhim Zh 1978 Mar-Apr;50(2):150-4.. [Content of adenine nucleotides and creatinephosphate in brain, myocardium, liver and skeletal muscle under combined action of hypercapnia, hypoxia and cooling]. Baev VI, Drukina MA

Cooling of rats under conditions of hypercapina and hypoxia induced no changes in the content of adenine nucleotides in the brain and skeletal muscles and decreased their concentration in the liver and myocardium. The content of creatine phosphate increased in the brain, but had no changes in the other tissues. 48 hours after cooling the amount of adenine nucleotides in the brain was higher as compared with the initial values, that was due to an increase in the ATP concentration; in the other tissues the contents of adenine nucleotides did not differ from that of the intact rats. The repeated action (48 hours after the first influences) caused no changes in the contents of adenine nucleotides in skeletal muscles and decreased them in the myocardium and liver. In the brain their amount and the content of creatinephosphate were increased as related to the intact rats. In the brain and myocardium the level of NADPH decreased after the first action and 48 hours after impact it restored up to the inital values. After repeated impact the level of NADPH in the brain restored up to initial values, in the myocardium it was increased.

Fiziol Zh SSSR 1978 Oct;64(10):1456-62. [Role of CO2 fixation in increasing the body's resistance to acute hypoxia]. Baev VI, Vasil'ev VV, Nikolaeva EN

In rats, the phenomenon of considerable increase in resistance to acute hypoxia observed after 2-hour stay under conditions of gradually increasing concentration of CO2, decreasing concentration of O2, And external cooling at 2--3 degrees seems to be based mainly on changes in concentration of CO2 (ACCORDINGLY, PCO2 and other forms of CO2 in the blood). The high resistance to acute hypoxia develops as well after subcutaneous or i.v. administration of 1.0 ml of water solution (169.2 mg/200 g) NaHCO2, (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4, MnSO4, and ZnSO4 (in proportion: 35 : 5 : 2 : 0.15 : 0.15, resp.) or after 1-hour effect of increased hypercapnia and hypoxia without cooling.

Vopr Med Khim 1976 Jan-Feb;22(1):37-41 [Pyridine nucleotide content in the brain and myocardium of rats under combined effect of hypercapnia, hypoxia and cooling]. Baev VI, Drukina MA

In experiments with rats, subjected to single and repeated simultaneous effect of hypercapnia, hypoxia and cooling, contents of pyridine nucleotides (NAD, NADP, NAD-H2 and NADP-H2) and macroergic substances were studied and also the activity of dehydrogenases of the pentose pathway was determined in brain and myocardium. In brain NADP was not practically determined and in heart its content was increased after the first and the second treatments. Content of NADP-H2 was distinctly decreased in both tissues after the single treatment. NAD was not altered in the tissues in all the periods studied. The amount of NAD-H2 was decreased in brain after the single treatment and it was increased in myocardium after the repeated one. In the activity of dehydrogenases marked alterations were not observed. Total macroergic substances were not altered in brain after the single treatment and after the repeated one they were increased mainly due to the ATP increase. In myocardium total macroergic substances were decreased after the both treatments.

Protective CO2 and aging

"A quick reduction of carbon dioxide caused by hyperventilation can provoke an epileptic seizure, and can increase muscle spasms and vascular leakiness, and (by releasing serotonin and histamine) contribute to inflammation and clotting disorders. On a slightly longer time scale, a reduction of carbon dioxide can increase the production of lactic acid, which is a promoter of inflammation and fibrosis. A prolonged decrease in carbon dioxide can increase the susceptibility of proteins to glycation (the addition of aldehydes, from polyunsaturated fat peroxidation or methylglyoxal from lactate metabolism, to amino groups), and a similar process is likely to contribute to the methylation of histones, a process that increases with aging. Histones regulate genetic activity."

Fiziol Zh SSSR 1978 Oct;64(10):1456-62. [Role of CO2 fixation in increasing the body's resistance to acute hypoxia]. Baev VI, Vasil'ev VV, Nikolaeva EN.
In rats, the phenomenon of considerable increase in resistance to acute hypoxia observed after 2-hour stay under conditions of gradually increasing concentration of CO2, decreasing concentration of O2, and external cooling at 2--3 degrees seems to be based mainly on changes in concentration of CO2 (ACCORDINGLY, PCO2 and other forms of CO2 in the blood). The high resistance to acute hypoxia develops as well after subcutaneous or i.v. administration of 1.0 ml of water solution (169.2 mg/200 g) NaHCO2, (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4, MnSO4, and ZnSO4 (in proportion: 35 : 5 : 2 : 0.15 : 0.15, resp.) or after 1-hour effect of increased hypercapnia and hypoxia without cooling.

Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova 1995 Feb;81(2):47-52
. [The unknown physiological role of carbon dioxide]. Baev VI, Vasil'eva IV, L'vov SN, Shugalei IV [The data suggests that carbon dioxide is a natural element of the organism antioxidant defence system. ion poisoning].

Vojnosanit Pregl. 1996 Jul-Aug;53(4):261-74. [Carbon dioxide inhibits the generation of active forms of oxygen in human and animal cells and the significance of the phenomenon in biology and medicine] [Article in Serbian] Boljevic S, Kogan AH, Gracev SV, Jelisejeva SV, Daniljak IG.

Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2007;67(2):197-206. Role of hypercapnia in brain oxygenation in sleep-disordered breathing. Brzecka A. Adaptive mechanisms may diminish the detrimental effects of recurrent nocturnal hypoxia in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The potential role of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) in improving brain oxygenation in the patients with severe OSA syndrome is discussed. CO2 increases oxygen uptake by its influence on the regulation of alveolar ventilation and ventilation-perfusion matching, facilitates oxygen delivery to the tissues by changing the affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin, and increases cerebral blood flow by effects on arterial blood pressure and on cerebral vessels. Recent clinical studies show improved brain oxygenation when hypoxia is combined with hypercapnia. Anti-inflammatory and protective against organ injury properties of CO2 may also have therapeutic importance. These biological effects of hypercapnia may improve brain oxygenation under hypoxic conditions. This may be especially important in patients with severe OSA syndrome.

Ter Arkh. 1995;67(3):23-6. [Changes in the sensitivity of leukocytes to the inhibiting effect of CO2 on their generation of active forms of oxygen in bronchial asthma patients] Daniliak IG, Kogan AKh, Sumarokov AV, Bolevich S.

Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1994 Oct;118(10):395-8. [CO2--a natural inhibitor of active oxygen form generation by phagocytes] Kogan AKh, Manuilov BM, Grachev SV, Bolevich S, Tsypin AB, Daniliak IG.

Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol. 1997 Mar-Apr;(2):204-17. [Carbon dioxide--a universal inhibitor of the generation of active oxygen forms by cells (deciphering one enigma of evolution)] Kogan AKh, Grachev SV, Eliseeva SV, Bolevich S.

Vopr Med Khim. 1996 Jul-Sep;42(3):193-202. [Ability of carbon dioxide to inhibit generation of superoxide anion radical in cells and its biomedical role] Kogan AKh, Grachev SV, Eliseeva SV, Bolevich S.

Dokl Akad Nauk. 1996 May;348(3):413-6. [New evidence for the inhibitory action of CO2 on generation of superoxide anion radicals by phagocytes in various tissues. (Mechanism of bio- and eco-effects of CO2)] Kogan AKh, Grachev SV, Bolevich S, Eliseeva SV.

Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1996 Apr;121(4):407-10. [Carbon dioxide gas inhibition of active forms of oxygen generation by cells in the internal organs and its biological significance] Kogan AKh, Grachev SV, Eliseeva SV.

Fiziol Cheloveka. 1995 Jul-Aug;21(4):128-36. [CO2--a natural inhibitor of the generation of active species of oxygen in phagocytes] Kogan AKh, Manuilov BM, Grachev SV, Bolevich S, Tsypin AB, Daniliak IG.

Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter. 1995 Jul-Sep;(3):34-40. [Comparative study of the effect of carbon dioxide on the generation of active forms of oxygen by leukocytes in health and in bronchial asthma]
Kogan AKh, Bolevich S, Daniliak IG.

Lactate vs. CO2 in wounds, sickness, and aging; the other approach to cancer
"Lactate formation from glucose is increased when anything interferes with respiratory energy production, but lactate, through a variety of mechanisms, can itself suppress cellular respiration. (This has been called the Crabtree effect.) Lactate can also inhibit its own formation, slowing glycolysis. In the healthy cell, the mitochondrion keeps glycolysis working by consuming pyruvate and electrons (or "hydrogens") from NADH, keeping the cell highly oxidized, with a ratio of NAD+/NADH of about 200. When the mitochondrion's ability to consume pyruvate and NADH is limited, the pyruvate itself accepts the hydrogen from NADH, forming lactic acid and NAD+ in the process. As long as lactate leaves the cell as fast as it forms, glycolysis will provide ATP to allow the cell to survive. Oxygen and pyruvate are normally "electron sinks," regenerating the NAD+ needed to produce energy from glucose."
http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/lactate.shtml
Biochem J. 2002 May 15;364(Pt 1):309-15. Contribution by different fuels and metabolic pathways to the total ATP turnover of proliferating MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Guppy M, Leedman P, Zu X, Russell V.

Agressologie. 1973;14(1):25-30. [Aspirin, catecholamines and blood lactic acid] Laborit G, Baron C, Laborit H.

Intensive Care Med. 2003 Feb;29(2):292-300. Epub 2003 Jan 14. Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on hemodynamics, oxidative metabolism, and organ energetics in endotoxemic rats. Levy B, Mansart A, Bollaert PE, Franck P, Mallie JP.

Cancer Res. 2007 Oct 1;67(19):9013-7. Loss of the mitochondrial bioenergetic capacity underlies the glucose avidity of carcinomas. López-Ríos F, Sánchez-Aragó M, García-García E, Ortega AD, Berrendero JR, Pozo-Rodríguez F, López-Encuentra A, Ballestín C, Cuezva JM

Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2008 Aug;90(2):273-81. Lactate production and neurotransmitters; evidence from microdialysis studies. Uehara T, Sumiyoshi T, Itoh H, Kurata K.

J Natl Cancer Inst. 1968 Aug;41(2):267-86. Factors affecting anaerobic glycolysis in mouse and rat liver and in Morris rat hepatomas. Woods M, Burk D, Hunter J.

Chin Med J (Engl). 2002 Jul;115(7):1035-8.Effect of emodin on proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocyte and FAS activity. Zhang C, Teng L, Shi Y, Jin J, Xue Y, Shang K, Gu J.

(
some of these aren't necessarily about CO2 but they indicate the problems with a lack of CO2 and with lactate)

http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/lactate.shtml
Altitude and Mortality
"Carbon dioxide, produced in the cells, releases oxygen into the tissues, relaxes blood vessels, prevents edema, eliminates ammonia, and increases the efficiency of oxidative metabolism."
"Breathing too much oxygen displaces too much carbon dioxide, provoking an increase in lactic acid; too much lactate displaces both oxygen and carbon dioxide. Lactate itself tends to suppress respiration."

Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 1999 Aug;54(4):365-72. The pathophysiology of hyperventilation syndrome. Folgering H. Dept Pulmonology Dekkerswald, University of Nijmegen, Groesbeek, The Netherlands.. Hyperventilation is defined as breathing in excess of the metabolic needs of the body, eliminating more carbon dioxide than is produced, and, consequently, resulting in respiratory alkalosis and an elevated blood pH. The traditional definition of hyperventilation syndrome describes "a syndrome, characterized by a variety of somatic symptoms induced by physiologically inappropriate hyperventilation and usually reproduced by voluntary hyperventilation". The spectrum of symptoms ascribed to hyperventilation syndrome is extremely broad, aspecific and varying. They stem from virtually every tract, and can be caused by physiological mechanisms such as low Pa,CO2, or the increased sympathetic adrenergic tone. Psychological mechanisms also contribute to the symptomatology, or even generate some of the symptoms. Taking the traditional definition of hyperventilation syndrome as a starting point, there should be three elements to the diagnostic criterion: 1) the patient should hyperventilate and have low Pa,CO2, 2) somatic diseases causing hyperventilation should have been excluded, and 3) the patient should have a number of complaints which are, or have been, related to the hypocapnia. Recent studies have questioned the tight relationship between hypocapnia and complaints. However, the latter can be maintained and/or elicited when situations in the absence of hypocapnia in which the first hyperventilation and hypocapnia was present recur. Thus, the main approach to diagnosis is the detection of signs of (possible) dysregulation of breathing leading to hypocapnia. The therapeutic approach to hyperventilation syndrome has several stages and/or degrees of intervention: psychological counselling, physiotherapy and relaxation, and finally drug therapy. Depending on the severity of the problem, one or more therapeutic strategies can be chosen.

J Dev Physiol 1990 Sep;14(3):139-46. Effect of lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate infusions on brain metabolism in the fetal sheep. Harding JE, Charlton VE Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco 94143. Brain uptake of substrates other than glucose has been demonstrated in neonatal but not fetal animals in vivo. This study was undertaken to investigate the ability of the fetal sheep brain to use potential alternative substrates when they were provided in increased amounts. Brain substrate uptake was measured in chronically catheterised fetal sheep during 2-h infusions of neutralised lactate (n = 12) or beta-hydroxybutyrate (n = 12). Despite large increases in fetal arterial lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate during the respective infusions, no significant uptake of either substrate was demonstrated. However during both types of infusion, the brain arterio-venous difference for glucose decreased 30% (P less than 0.05). Since the brain arterio-venous difference for oxygen was unchanged, and blood flow to the cerebral hemispheres (measured in 11 studies) was also unchanged, the infusions appeared to cause a true decrease in brain glucose uptake. This decrease paralleled the rise in lactate concentration during lactate infusions, and the rise in lactate and butyrate concentrations during the butyrate infusions. Both substrates have metabolic actions that may inhibit brain glucose uptake. We speculate that the deleterious effects of high lactate and ketone states in the perinatal period may in part be due to inhibition of brain glucose uptake.

Respiration 1986;49(3):187-94. Role of hypocapnia in the alveolar surfactant increase induced by free fatty acid intravenous infusion in the rabbit. Oyarzun MJ, Donoso P, Quijada D. Intravenous infusion of free fatty acid (FFA) produces an increase in the alveolar surfactant pool of the rabbit and pulmonary edema, hyperventilation, hypoxemia and hypocapnia. Previous studies suggested that alveolar PCO2 would be a regulator of intracellular storages of surfactant. In order to study the role of hypocapnia in the increase of lung surfactant in our experiments we administered 20 mg FFA X kg-1 X min-1 i.v. to rabbits breathing room air (n = 10) or 5% CO2, 21% O2, 74% N2 (n = 7). Disaturated phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) was determined in bronchial-alveolar lavage fluid as index of alveolar surfactant content, 5% CO2 in the inspired air prevented the hypocapnia and blocked the increase in DSPC induced by FFA (p less than 0.01). Pulmonary edema post-FFA was not changed by 5% CO2 administration. We conclude that hypocapnia produced by hyperventilation during FFA infusion would be an important factor in the increase of DSPC observed after FFA infusion.

J. Appl Physiol 1991 Apr;70(4):1720-30. .Metabolic and work efficiencies during exercise in Andean natives. Hochachka PW, Stanley C, Matheson GO, McKenzie DC, Allen PS, Parkhouse WS Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Maximum O2 and CO2 fluxes during exercise were less perturbed by hypoxia in Quechua natives from the Andes than in lowlanders. In exploring how this was achieved, we found that, for a given work rate, Quechua highlanders at 4,200 m accumulated substantially less lactate than lowlanders at sea level normoxia (approximately 5-7 vs. 10-14 mM) despite hypobaric hypoxia. This phenomenon, known as the lactate paradox, was entirely refractory to normoxia-hypoxia transitions. In lowlanders, the lactate paradox is an acclimation; however, in Quechuas, the lactate paradox is an expression of metabolic organization that did not deacclimate, at least over the 6-wk period of our study. Thus it was concluded that this metabolic organization is a developmentally or genetically fixed characteristic selected because of the efficiency advantage of aerobic metabolism (high ATP yield per mol of substrate metabolized) compared with anaerobic glycolysis. Measurements of respiratory quotient indicated preferential use of carbohydrate as fuel for muscle work, which is also advantageous in hypoxia because it maximizes the yield of ATP per mol of O2 consumed. Finally, minimizing the cost of muscle work was also reflected in energetic efficiency as classically defined (power output per metabolic power input); this was evident at all work rates but was most pronounced at submaximal work rates (efficiency approximately 1.5 times higher than in lowlander athletes). Because plots of power output vs. metabolic power input did not extrapolate to the origin, it was concluded 1) that exercise in both groups sustained a significant ATP expenditure not convertible to mechanical work but 2) that this expenditure was downregulated in Andean natives by thus far unexplained mechanisms.

Br J Anaesth 1975 Jun;47(6):669-78. Effect of CO2 on myocardial contractility and aortic input impedance during anaesthesia. Foex P, Prys-Roberts C. The haemodynamic responses to hypocapnia and hypercapnia have been studied in the dog during intermittent positive pressure ventilation under halothane anaesthesia (1% halothane in oxygen) and under nitrous oxide anaesthesia (30% oxygen in nitrous oxide). In the absence of significant variations of either myocardial contractility or left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, the changes of stroke volume and cardiac output (diminution because of hypocapnia, augmentation because of hypercapnia) were determined by alterations of systemic vascular resistance (augmentation because of hypocapnia, diminution because of hypercapnia).

J Appl Physiol 1991 May;70(5):1963-76. Skeletal muscle metabolism and work capacity: a 31P-NMR study of Andean natives and lowlanders. Matheson GO, Allen PS, Ellinger DC, Hanstock CC, Gheorghiu D, McKenzie DC, Stanley C, Parkhouse WS, Hochachka PW Sports Medicine Division, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Two metabolic features of altitude-adapted humans are the maximal O2 consumption (VO2max) paradox (higher work rates following acclimatization without increases in VO2max) and the lactate paradox (progressive reductions in muscle and blood lactate with exercise at increasing altitude).

Anesthesiology 1993 Jan;78(1):91-9. Hypocapnia worsens arterial blood oxygenation and increases VA/Q heterogeneity in canine pulmonary edema. Domino KB, Lu Y, Eisenstein BL, Hlastala MP. University of Washington Medical School, Seattle. "Hyperventilation frequently is employed to reduce carbon dioxide partial pressure in patients in the operating room and intensive care unit. However the effect of hypocapnia on oxygenation is complex and may result in worsening in patients with preexisting intrapulmonary shunt." "Both hypocapnia and hypercapnia were associated with an increased VA/Q inequality. However, PaO2 decreased and P[A-a]O2 increased with only hypocapnia. These results suggest that hyperventilation to reduce PaCO2 may be detrimental to arterial PO2 in some patients with lung disease."

J Dev Physiol 1989 Nov;12(5):283-6. Haemodynamic effects of respiratory alkalosis independent of changes in airway pressure in anaesthetized newborn dogs. Reuter JH, Donovan EF, Kotagal U.R. "We have recently reported a decrease in cardiac output in newborn dogs during respiratory alkalosis which is independent of changes in airway pressure."

Undersea Hyperb Med 1994 Jun;21(2):169-83. Influence of hyperbaric oxygen on left ventricular contractility, total coronary blood flow, and myocardial oxygen consumption in the conscious dog. Savitt MA, Rankin JS, Elberry JR, Owen CH, Camporesi E.M. "It is known that hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) decreases total coronary blood flow (TCBF) and cardiac output (CO)."

Heart rhythm disturbances in the inhabitants of mountainous regions. Mirrakhimov MM; Meimanaliev TS Cor Vasa, 1981, 23:5, 359-65. "During exercise heart arrhythmias appeared conspicuously less frequently in the high mountain than in the low altitude inhabitants."

Undersea Hyperb Med 1994 Jun;21(2):169-83. Influence of hyperbaric oxygen on left ventricular contractility, total coronary blood flow, and myocardial oxygen consumption in the conscious dog. Savitt MA, Rankin JS, Elberry JR, Owen CH, Camporesi E.M. "It is known that hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) decreases total coronary blood flow (TCBF) and cardiac output (CO)."

Heart rhythm disturbances in the inhabitants of mountainous regions. Mirrakhimov MM; Meimanaliev TS Cor Vasa, 1981, 23:5, 359-65. "During exercise heart arrhythmias appeared conspicuously less frequently in the high mountain than in the low altitude inhabitants."

J Dev Physiol 1989 Nov;12(5):283-6. Haemodynamic effects of respiratory alkalosis independent of changes in airway pressure in anaesthetized newborn dogs. Reuter JH, Donovan EF, Kotagal U.R. "We have recently reported a decrease in cardiac output in newborn dogs during respiratory alkalosis which is independent of changes in airway pressure."


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High c02 was likely responsible for the greater vigor, intelligence, stature, and lifespan of pre-deluvian man.
 
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Ray Peat says it sticks around the protein and DNA and protects it and Ling says it's a cardinal absorbent. We should go through his website and see what we can find. It's the most essential Lewis acid and apparently the protons are well exposed which makes it beneficial.
 

steel_reserve

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High c02 was likely responsible for the greater vigor, intelligence, stature, and lifespan of pre-deluvian man.
I've wondered this for a long time. Starting with noah the life spans mentioned in the bible fit an exponential decay until they reach the average of 70.
 

meatbag

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Ray Peat says it sticks around the protein and DNA and protects it and Ling says it's a cardinal absorbent. We should go through his website and see what we can find. It's the most essential Lewis acid and apparently the protons are well exposed which makes it beneficial.

Agree :artist:

Where did GLing say that tho? :bookworm: (just wondering if you saw it somewhere as I thought when asked he basically said "not sure, needs to be studied")

Peat said as much tho;

RP: "Yea. I think it functions as in the Gilbert Ling’s sense: an adsorbent that pulls electrons out of the system and makes the proteins more actively acidic. I think it has that effect all throughout the cell. And one of the effects of that is to let the cell release any excess waters. It has an anti-swelling effect. And the retraction of the electrons by that cardinal adsorbent action on the proteins shifts the whole electronic state of the cell, making electrons scarcer. And that ends up shifting the ratio between NAD+ and NADH towards the oxidized NAD+ side."
 
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I've wondered this for a long time. Starting with noah the life spans mentioned in the bible fit an exponential decay until they reach the average of 70.

These quotes from RP that meatbag posted more or less prove it

Raymond Peat said:
"Well, at the time, [in] the carboniferous [era], geologically, the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was really intense for those periods, something like 12% . And that really stimulated a great abundance of life. " - RP

Raymond Peat said:
the environmental CO2 is an essential factor for good brain function and he predicted that the natural development of the planet’s ecosystems would be to increase the metabolic rate, increase the brain size of populations, and do it by the interaction of increasing CO2, stimulating O2 metabolism and stabilizing the big brain. And in the history of the deposition, the carboniferous age of fossils, for example, at that time when evolution advanced so rapidly the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere was many times higher than at present, so he predicted that the earth would go through other phases of greatly increased atmospheric CO2, that would increase the whole vitality of life on the planet. Vernadsky died around the end of the war in 1945 or 46 but around 1970 a Russian researcher looking at the length, birth weight and head size of babies born over a period of decades saw that around the world the head size had been increasing in correspondence to the increasing CO2 in the atmosphere, seeming to validate the prediction of Vernadsky made 25 years earlier."

Too bad about the evolution stuff
 

tara

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tankasnowgod

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I'll give another plug here for using surgical masks. They make it so easy to re-breathe while doing other activities. 20-40 minutes can make a noticeable difference. I've been lazy recently, but if I start doing any more vigorous exercise (including weight training), I'm gonna use it, even if I look ridiculous. Think it will be incredibly useful in the wintertime.
 

Mito

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  • Carbohydrate oxidation generates 50% more carbon dioxide than fat oxidation.
    • More carbohydrates in the diet increases blood carbon dioxide levels
  • CO2 is critically important to preventing the accumulation of lactic acid in the cell
  • CO2 is critically important to delivering oxygen to the cell for ATP creation
  • CO2 is a small gas the easily escapes the cell. CO2 leaving the cell acts as a signal that the cell is engaging in energy utilization. CO2 acts directly on hemoglobin to cause the release of oxygen so more oxygen is delivered where it is needed
Carbon Dioxide - Carbs Vs Fat Oxidation
 
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AretnaP

AretnaP

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at 35:30 peat mentions worker bees having much higher levels of free radicals and lipid peroxides
 

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