Parasite Prevalence Predicts Authoritarianism

[x-ray peat]

Lol the virginia company became the plymouth council for new england. You've heard of new england right? The point remains, this country was colonized by for profit merchants at the kings behest and in a method based of the east india company and ran by such same people.

The quotes are accurate.

Before you go hail the flag with tears in your eyes like a true american patriot remember what you're showing your allegience to

The STRIPED FLAG of the EAST INDIA COMPANY, and its CONNEXION with the AMERICAN "STARS and STRIPES"

The Plymouth Company also ceased operations in 1624, and the Plymouth Council, with an even more dubious connection to the East India Company also didn’t last very long and was soon replaced by the Massachusetts Bay Company. In any event all of the Colonial Land Grant Companies were soon replaced by Royal Charter and placed under direct control of the King.

As for the profit motive of the sponsors, I already agreed with that rather obvious point several posts ago. That people would only fund risky and costly ventures in hopes of a profit is not an Earth shattering revelation. However the colonists that went did not tear up their families in the Old World and risk destroying them for the same reason, but did so out of desperation for a better life; some out of economic desperation, some to avoid prison, and many to flee religious persecution. This is a basic fact of history and just shows a complete lack of knowledge about the religious wars and persecution in Europe throughout the 16th and 17th centuries.

Whether or not the US Flag is a copy of the East India Company flag and why is still up for historical debate but no historian I know of would claim that the East India Company was the real founder of the English Colonies including the source you gave. The French Flag is almost identical to the Dutch East India Company flag. Are they the founders of the First French Republic?

 

[pimpnamedraypeat]

Solar radiation is interesting, and George Lakhovsky has some things to say about that.

I'm getting the impression that the global warming myth, itself, is a myth. Global warming can be seen as exaggerated by some organizations—like the International Panel of Climate Change—for socio‐political reasons, but increased carbon dioxide must cause increased infrared absorption and increased temperature.

Youre wrong there buster. Increased co2 is natural and it precipitates massive global cooling i.e. ice age. Look at the chart I posted. I think the reason they make it seem like its manmade is
1) to lead the discussion and keep people believing that what's happening with the climate is our fault.
2) to blind people to what's coming and silence the truth tellers.

From what I've been reading, the drop into the ice age happens almost instantly.

The problem with the the ice core reading is that they assumed the accumulation of snow and ice must have taken years and years. They took modern weather cycles and retconned it. A lot of science is like that.
But with technological improvement and increased accuracy in measurement methods they've found that these ice ages happens abruptly, with years of snow fall happening in a short time period. It's not a gradual creep of hundreds of years it's a few years or maybe even months.

Everyone wants more trees, but nobody will sacrifice their land; everyone want less carbon dioxide, but nobody will stop driving. The use of gasoline could be greatly reduced by the creation of Brown's gas without sacrificing drive‐ability, but the oil companies cannot stand to see this. Atmospheric chemistry and physics is so complicated that the actual rise in temperature can only be roughly estimated, and one could argue for years about the expected temperature increase per increment. You could even argue for some time about the best way to estimate this temperature rise. I think the best way would be to use two or three radically different approaches and see if they tend towards the same answer. The physicists use the Plank Equations, and the atmospheric chemists use Beer's Law.

It's a huge problem. Hopefully we can go back to small communities where everybody knows everybody and everything you need is a bicycle ride away. That's the way it is in a lot of other countries and they're happier. It seems like the rot of the city has creeped outwards.

The future of our planet seems under the control of carbon dioxide, sunspots, comets, and perhaps even HARP (I need to look more into this).

I'm becoming more and more convinced that the future of our planet will look like one of those disaster movies "they" are always making.

 

[pimpnamedraypeat]

The Plymouth Company also ceased operations in 1624, and the Plymouth Council, with an even more dubious connection to the East India Company also didn’t last very long and was soon replaced by the Massachusetts Bay Company. In any event all of the Colonial Land Grant Companies were soon replaced by Royal Charter and placed under direct control of the King.

As for the profit motive of the sponsors, I already agreed with that rather obvious point several posts ago. That people would only fund risky and costly ventures in hopes of a profit is not an Earth shattering revelation. However the colonists that went did not tear up their families in the Old World and risk destroying them for the same reason, but did so out of desperation for a better life; some out of economic desperation, some to avoid prison, and many to flee religious persecution. This is a basic fact of history and just shows a complete lack of knowledge about the religious wars and persecution in Europe throughout the 16th and 17th centuries.

Whether or not the US Flag is a copy of the East India Company flag and why is still up for historical debate but no historian I know of would claim that the East India Company was the real founder of the English Colonies including the source you gave. The French Flag is almost identical to the Dutch East India Company flag. Are they the founders of the First French Republic?

It doesn't matter why the peons came. A majority did not come on their own free will but even if they had it doesn't matter. Because when they got here they were given guns and armory to fight and kill the indians and take their land by the colonizations companies. Let me ask you something. Those idiots who go off to Iraq or wherever, they do it because they're poor or they need discipline in their lives or want the government to pay for college but is that the reason we went to war? No. It doesn't matter what the millions of peon believe or what their reasons are. They don't have any power and they don't control history or world events. There are millions of religiously persecutedbeing killed all over the world today but does it matter? No. The puritans religious persecution is as irrelevant as the pour southern boys lack of oppoturnity or the christian persecution in indonesia. It's meaningless.

If there had been no religious minority willing to go to the new world they would have forced them to go as they did with the scots and irish and many others
If there had been no poor whites willing to fight they would have drafted them as they did in vietnam.

When poor girls from eastern europe and africa are recruited for the sex trade they believe they're going to another country for a good job and an "opportunity" but is that why they're really going? No, it's to be sold as sex slaves to rich dirty men.

There's the reason that the marks believe and then there's the real reason and you sir, are a mark.

 

[x-ray peat]

It doesn't matter why the peons came. A majority did not come on their own free will but even if they had it doesn't matter. Because when they got here they were given guns and armory to fight and kill the indians and take their land by the colonizations companies. Let me ask you something. Those idiots who go off to Iraq or wherever, they do it because they're poor or they need discipline in their lives or want the government to pay for college but is that the reason we went to war? No. It doesn't matter what the millions of peon believe or what their reasons are. They don't have any power and they don't control history or world events. There are millions of religiously persecutedbeing killed all over the world today but does it matter? No. The puritans religious persecution is as irrelevant as the pour southern boys lack of oppoturnity or the christian persecution in indonesia. It's meaningless.

If there had been no religious minority willing to go to the new world they would have forced them to go as they did with the scots and irish and many others
If there had been no poor whites willing to fight they would have drafted them as they did in vietnam.

When poor girls from eastern europe and africa are recruited for the sex trade they believe they're going to another country for a good job and an "opportunity" but is that why they're really going? No, it's to be sold as sex slaves to rich dirty men.

There's the reason that the marks believe and then there's the real reason and you sir, are a mark.

It's always the pigeon who thinks that everyone else is the pigeon.

 

[Travis]

A lot of that is probably correct to my knowledge, but the tryptophan depletion for starving pathogens idea is highly criticized and possibly wrong in most cases: The end of the road for the tryptophan depletion concept in pregnancy and infection
Also not only quinolinic acid, but the other kynurenine metabolites influence neurotransmission (e.g. NMDA) and they have much longer half-lives.

We have these comments:

'Trp depletion is not a host defence mechanism, but is a consequence of Trp utilization.' ―Abdulla Badawy​

He basically says that the teleogical reason for tryptophan depletion is tryptophan utilization. He needs to explain why kyneurenine metabolites themselves would be more antibacterial than the simple restriction of an essential amino acid. His main argument appears to be: since kyneurenine metabolites have other functions, then tryptophan depletion cannot be the main purpose. I don't think it's unfair to assume that trypophan depletion is primary, had occurred earlier in evolution, and has the express purpose of restricting tryptophan.

'However, as will be described below, Trp depletion per se plays no part in combating infection or maintaining pregnancy, but is rather associated with stress responses in both host and pathogen.' ―Abdulla Badawy​

He maintains, almost absurdly, that limiting tryptophan does not inherently restrict pathogen growth. He actually made that statement despite the dozens of studies proving that it does. Moreover, he even admits that it does:

'TIME TO ABANDON THE TRYPTOPHAN DEPLETION CONCEPT IN INFECTION
The concept of Trp deprivation as a host defence mechanism that limits the growth of pathogens continues to be cited to this day [43], despite substantial reasons for doubting that this mechanism operates in vivo [reviewed in 6]. Plants, bacteria, fungi and even some parasites use the shikimate pathway to synthesize aromatic amino acids, including Trp, among other key metabolites.' ―Abdulla Badawy​

The shikimate pathway is not universal, and he even admits that most parasites rely on the host's tryptophan. The most powerful interferon‐γ responses occur during helminth infections such as leishmaniasis.

'Bacteria up-regulate Trp-related biosynthetic pathways in the presence of low Trp concentrations and therefore do not suffer from low levels or require external sources [44]. Host cells, however, have an absolute requirement for Trp supplied from dietary sources. Virtually all studies on Trp depletion and deprivation were done in cell culture, and therefore do not represent the in vivo conditions associated with infection. Factors differentiating in vitro from in vivo conditions include nutrients derived from the blood supply, the presence of multiple cell types, including cells of the immune system, complex structural/functional arrangements in tissues, the presence of an extracellular matrix, hormonal, cytokine and paracrine interactions, neural innervation of the tissue and lymphatic drainage, among many other factors that make extrapolation from cell culture to whole organism unconvincing.

Trp depletion as an operational biostatic defence tied to limiting the availability of a critical amino acid has never been verified in vivo. However, the concept has survived in a modified form in studies of obligate intracellular parasites such as members of the Chlamydiae. As obligate intracellular parasitic bacteria, Chlamydia species have reduced genomes and are therefore far more reliant on host resources such as Trp than free living pathogens [45]. As intracellular parasites, Chlamydiae have lost some or most of the enzymes for Trp synthesis, and therefore rely on host supplies.' ―Abdulla Badawy​

He even admits that some parasites rely on the host's tryptophan supply.

'IDO-mediated Trp concentration reduction in vitro initiates a pathogen translational suite shift that leads to a persistent, non-proliferative state [46,47]. In response to Trp depletion, Chlamydia alters protein expression levels from proteins with high Trp content that facilitate growth and reproduction to a suite of low Trp-containing proteins that facilitate maintenance of a persistent, non-proliferative state. Like other intracellular parasites, the Chlamydiae are particularly sensitive to host nutrient levels in general, including levels of amino acids other than Trp [48]. It is notable that the original observations on IDO-mediated Trp depletion as a postulated biostatic defence by Pfefferkorn et al. in the 1980s were made in vitro on T. gondii, a protozoan that is also an obligate intracellular parasite [2,49].' ―Abdulla Badawy​

And then he admits that limiting tryptophan inhibits the growth of Chlamydia species.

Besides accepting the incoherent thinking of Abdulla "English‐as‐second‐language" Badawy, PhD, we can accept the more logical American, Japanese, and English lines of thinking which derive from the experimental articles below:

'Growth of a variety of human tumor cell lines is inhibited by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in vitro. This mechanism is not well understood. The present experiments identify two separate mechanisms which account for the growth inhibitory activity of IFN-gamma. Cell lines most sensitive to IFN-gamma were stimulated by IFN-gamma to oxidize tryptophan in media to kynurenine and completely eliminated tryptophan from the culture media after 48-72 h. Addition of L-tryptophan, but not other aromatic amino acids, other essential amino acids, or D-tryptophan, prevented inhibition of cell growth by IFN-gamma. The amount of IFN-gamma required to yield 50% inhibition of cell growth was directly related to the concentration of L-tryptophan in culture media and increased from approximately 3 to 600 U/ml as the concentration of tryptophan in the media was increased from 25 to 1,000 μM.' ―Aune​

Aune, Thomas M. "Inhibition of tumor cell growth by interferon-gamma is mediated by two distinct mechanisms dependent upon oxygen tension: induction of tryptophan degradation and depletion of intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide." Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

'Interferon-γ inhibited the growth of the 7 cell lines observed with the enzyme induction, and this growth inhibition was accompanied with a complete deletion of tryptophan in the culture medium by the induction of the enzyme. For two of these cell lines, the inhibition was partially reversed by an addition of exogenous tryptophan to the medium not to be depleted. These findings indicated that the growth inhibition by interferon-γ was in part explained by the tryptophan depletion in the medium caused by the enzyme induction.' ―Takikawa​

Takikawa, O. "Mechanism of interferon-gamma action. Characterization of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase in cultured human cells induced by interferon-gamma and evaluation of the enzyme-mediated tryptophan degradation in its anticellular activity." Journal of Biological Chemistry (1988)

'Analyses of infected cells cultured in medium with incremental levels of exogenous tryptophan indicated that persistent growth was induced by reducing the amount of this essential amino acid. These studies confirmed that nutrient deprivation by IDO-mediated tryptophan catabolism was the mechanism by which IFN-γ mediates persistent growth of C. trachomatis.' ―Beatty​

Beatty, Wandy L. "Tryptophan depletion as a mechanism of gamma interferon-mediated chlamydial persistence." Infection and immunity (1994)

'Involvement of IDO in induction of the growth inhibitory effect of IFN-γ on intracellular parasites was first suggested by an observation of Pfefferkorn et al. (9, 42). They showed that the minimal concentration of IFN-γ that blocked the growth of Toxoplasma gondii in human fibroblasts was consistently twofold higher in Dulbecco’s modified MEM than in Eagle’s minimal medium. An analysis of these media pointed to tryptophan as the factor responsible for this difference. Dulbecco’s medium contains 16 mg/liter and Eagle’s has 10 mg/liter tryptophan. These results are similar to those reported previously for other human cell lines. Progressively increasing concentrations of IFN-γ were required for growth inhibition in the presence of increasing tryptophan concentrations (42)' ―Taylor​

Taylor, Milton W. "Relationship between interferon-gamma, indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase, and tryptophan catabolism." The FASEB Journal (1991)

So growth, would seem certainly is, a function of tryptophan concentration; and the addition of tryptophan abrogates the inhibitory effect of interferon-γ. The exact reverse would be true if you were to take Abdulla Badawy's logic seriously, since more kyneurenine metabolites would necessarily result from more tryptophan. It can plainly be seen that the reduction of tryptophan does far more to inhibit parasitic growth than the production of kyneurenine metabolites.

Is this study alone the basis for your statement? the one about these observations having been 'highly criticized?'

 

[Travis]

Youre wrong there buster. Increased co2 is natural and it precipitates massive global cooling i.e. ice age. Look at the chart I posted. I think the reason they make it seem like its manmade is
1) to lead the discussion and keep people believing that what's happening with the climate is our fault.
2) to blind people to what's coming and silence the truth tellers.

From what I've been reading, the drop into the ice age happens almost instantly.

The problem with the the ice core reading is that they assumed the accumulation of snow and ice must have taken years and years. They took modern weather cycles and retconned it. A lot of science is like that.
But with technological improvement and increased accuracy in measurement methods they've found that these ice ages happens abruptly, with years of snow fall happening in a short time period. It's not a gradual creep of hundreds of years it's a few years or maybe even months.

Of course it's natural, and I have no opinion on the veracity of anyone's historical temperature estimations. Trying to decide at what time a layer of ice was deposited has some degree of guesswork, and determining historical temperatures and CO₂ is even more fickle.

But I will stand by the fact that increasing CO₂ dioxide must cause increasing temperature, as this follows directly from Beer's Law. How much is hard to say, as is the final infrared absorption band saturation concentration. I have no problem if someone wants to take Rancourt's estimation—only a few degrees centrigrade increase with a doubling of carbon dioxide—but I don't see how anyone can rationally deny that increased atmospheric CO₂ would be expected to increase global temperature. Historical measurements made during the last century indicate increasing carbon dioxide as time progresses, and I believe these measurements are accurate. I have to assume that all published research is accurate unless I come across a fair reason to overturn it.

I've even argued with people from the nuclear energy industry taking the stance the a slight chance of radiation leakage, and the liability of nuclear waste, is better than burning fossil fuels. And not surprisingly, these people always deny that solar power works. Everyone involved in energy production hates free energy, and their biases help to corrupt the globe on statement at a time.

Nobody will sit down rationally and decide what's best for the planet, since some organization will get offended as they lose their income. These people make noise, whine, create memes, propaganda, and do everything they can to ensure that society complies with the system they impose.

Better gas mileage, more trees, more solar panels, and magnetic generators.​

I like gasoline engines, and manual transmissions. I would hate to drive an electric car. However, there are ways to increase gas mileage without sacrificing performance in the slightest—but even this is frowned upon by the industrialists.

 

[pimpnamedraypeat]

Of course it's natural, and I have no opinion on the veracity of anyone's historical temperature estimations. Trying to decide at what time a layer of ice was deposited has some degree of guesswork, and determining historical temperatures and CO₂ is even more fickle.

But I will stand by the fact that increasing CO₂ dioxide must cause increasing temperature, as this follows directly from Beer's Law. How much is hard to say, as is the final infrared absorption band saturation concentration. I have no problem if someone wants to take Rancourt's estimation—only a few degrees centrigrade increase with a doubling of carbon dioxide—but I don't see how anyone can rationally deny that increased atmospheric CO₂ would be expected to increase global temperature. Historical measurements made during the last century indicate increasing carbon dioxide as time progresses, and I believe these measurements are accurate. I have to assume that all published research is accurate unless I come across a fair reason to overturn it.

The reason co2 was increasing for the last century is because we were in the modern grand maximum

Increased co2 is a result of global warming. Global warming is a result of solar activity. The earth warms and cools as a reaction to the sun and co2 tracks that warming and cooling, it doesn't cause it.

What seems to have happened at the end of the recent ice ages is that some factor – most probably orbital changes – caused a rise in temperature. This led to an increase in CO2, resulting in further warming that caused more CO2 to be released and so on: a positive feedback that amplified a small change in temperature. At some point, the shrinking of the ice sheets further amplified the warming.

Climate myths: Ice cores show CO2 increases lag behind temperature rises, disproving the link to global warming | New Scientist

Now there is a positive feedback loop where increased co2 leads to geeenhouse gas effect but that's secondary to solar activity. The newscientist link above tries to focus on co2 causing global warming but there's a massive amount fo data that shows definitely that it's solar activity that predicts the rise and fall of temperature. The sun is the sun. Co2 is a feeble blanket in comparison.

As far as your claim that measurements are unreliable take a look at the graphs on this site.

http://co2coalition.org/2017/04/10/...casting-global-cooling-in-the-coming-decades/

Very very convincing.

 

[Travis]

The reason co2 was increasing for the last century is because we were in the modern grand maximum

As far as your claim that measurements are unreliable take a look at the graphs on this site.

The historical sun activity was estimated primarily using total radioactive carbon 14 found in tree rings. The source of ¹⁴C is rightly assumed to be cosmic rays, as they are literally fast moving protons and α-particles. After bombardment of atmospheric nitrogen, radioactive carbon fourteen is formed.

The solar activity represents the Y‐axis. The age of the trees, the X‐axis, was dated using the same radioactive carbon moiety—perhaps rightly so. Carbon fourteen dating is the only real way to date objects before history, and relies on the decay rate of the carbon isotope. Over time a proton will be lost resulting in ¹³C . . . and then ¹²C upon loss of another. Each emission is assumed to be random, but the sum average of all emissions is assumed to occur at a constant rate.

But it doesn't seem to bother anyone that the same chemical species use to date the petrified trees is also used to estimate historical solar activity through same ossified trees. Does high sunspot activity during a tree's growth decrease the apparent age of the tree? and would a high sunspot activity during its formative stage give the false impression of it being merely medieval, a mere sapling on the geological timescale?

If carbon fourteen is both time (the X‐axis) and solar activity (the Y‐axis) then what is it really? How does one decide between age and sunspots with only a Geiger counter?

Usoskin, I. G. "Evidence for distinct modes of solar activity." Astronomy & Astrophysics (2014)

 

[pimpnamedraypeat]

The historical sun activity was estimated primarily using total radioactive carbon 14 found in tree rings. The source of ¹⁴C is rightly assumed to be cosmic rays, as they are literally fast moving protons and α-particles. After bombardment of atmospheric nitrogen, radioactive carbon fourteen is formed.

The solar activity represents the Y‐axis. The age of the trees, the X‐axis, was dated using the same radioactive carbon moiety—perhaps rightly so. Carbon fourteen dating is the only real way to date objects before history, and relies on the decay rate of the carbon isotope. Over time a proton will be lost resulting in ¹³C . . . and then ¹²C upon loss of another. Each emission is assumed to be random, but the sum average of all emissions is assumed to occur at a constant rate.

But it doesn't seem to bother anyone that the same chemical species use to date the petrified trees is also used to estimate historical solar activity through same ossified trees. Does high sunspot activity during a tree's growth decrease the apparent age of the tree? and would a high sunspot activity during its formative stage give the false impression of it being merely medieval, a mere sapling on the geological timescale?

If carbon fourteen is both time (the X‐axis) and solar activity (the Y‐axis) then what is it really? How does one decide between age and sunspots with only a Geiger counter?

Usoskin, I. G. "Evidence for distinct modes of solar activity." Astronomy & Astrophysics (2014)

That's a good point. But sunspots have been tracked and measured for hundreds of years via observation. Ice core measurements are different though and they're mostly what I'm going by.

Ice cores can be dated using counting of annual layers in their uppermost layers. Dating the ice becomes harder with depth. Other ways of dating ice cores include geochemisty, wiggle matching of ice core records to insolation time series (Lemieux-Dudon et al. 2010), layers of volcanic ash (tephra) (Vinther et al., 2006), electrical conductivity, and using numerical flow models to understand age-depth relationships (Mulvaney et al., 2012), combined with firn densification modeling to estimate the delta-age (Lemieux-Dudon et al. 2010). Usually multiple methods are used to improve accuracy.

Common global stratigraphic markers are palaeo-events that occur worldwide synchronously, and can allow wiggle-matching between ice cores and other palaeo archives (e.g., marine sediment cores). For the ice matrix, these global stratigraphic markers can include spikes in volcanic ash (each volcanic eruption has a unique chemical signature), or volcanic sulfate spikes. For the gas phase, methane, and oxygen-18 isotopic ratio of O2 have been used (Lemieux-Dudon et al. 2010).

Uranium has been used to date the Dome C ice core from Antarctica. Dust is present in ice cores, and it contains Uranium. The decay of 238U to 234U from dust in the ice matrix can be used to provide an additional core chronology. Beryillium-10 has also been used to date ice cores.

As you can see there's a lot of different ways you date ice that's not based on c14

As far as measuring past temperatures this newscientist article says they use the ratio of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in the water molecules to measure temperature. The cooler it is the less likely you are to see heavy isotopes.

How are past temperatures determined from an ice core?

 

[x-ray peat]

The historical sun activity was estimated primarily using total radioactive carbon 14 found in tree rings. The source of ¹⁴C is rightly assumed to be cosmic rays, as they are literally fast moving protons and α-particles. After bombardment of atmospheric nitrogen, radioactive carbon fourteen is formed.

The solar activity represents the Y‐axis. The age of the trees, the X‐axis, was dated using the same radioactive carbon moiety—perhaps rightly so. Carbon fourteen dating is the only real way to date objects before history, and relies on the decay rate of the carbon isotope. Over time a proton will be lost resulting in ¹³C . . . and then ¹²C upon loss of another. Each emission is assumed to be random, but the sum average of all emissions is assumed to occur at a constant rate.

But it doesn't seem to bother anyone that the same chemical species use to date the petrified trees is also used to estimate historical solar activity through same ossified trees. Does high sunspot activity during a tree's growth decrease the apparent age of the tree? and would a high sunspot activity during its formative stage give the false impression of it being merely medieval, a mere sapling on the geological timescale?

If carbon fourteen is both time (the X‐axis) and solar activity (the Y‐axis) then what is it really? How does one decide between age and sunspots with only a Geiger counter?

Usoskin, I. G. "Evidence for distinct modes of solar activity." Astronomy & Astrophysics (2014)

if I understand your question correctly, they are not using Carbon dating to provide the age of the sample but rather more physical methods depending on the material they are looking at. So for trees they use tree rings and for ice core samples they count the layers related to seasonal changes in snowfall.. The amount of C14 in each ring or layer is then used as an indirect measure of solar activity as it is indirectly related to solar output.

 

[Travis]

I got the impression that Usoskin had used trees, primarily, from this paragraph:

'Records of cosmogenic radionuclides stored in independently dated natural archives, such as sediments, ice cores, or tree rings, provide the only means to reconstruct solar activity before the beginning of direct solar observations. Dendrochronologically dated ¹⁴C concentrations, in particular, prove very useful for that purpose, provided a good knowledge of the carbon cycle, ¹⁴C production process, and geomagnetic field evolution is available.' ―Usoskin​

But failed to realize that some living trees are over one thousand years old; one only has to use fossils beyond this time period. Usoskin's reference, for example, uses a Douglas fir from the Pacific Northwest to estimate solar activity between AD 1000 and ~AD 1980.

I did find an article by a physicist who had taken this idea seriously—written over twenty years ago. Here is an opening paragraph:

'Inter alia, these references showed that the cosmic ray dose rate at small depths below ground is determined primarily by the flux of muons. The contribution to total dose rates is usually small, but is not negligible, and varies over the Earth’s surface with altitude, latitude and depth. It is the purpose of the present paper to extend the discussion to take account of long-term variations in the cosmic ray intensity as they affect dosimetry for TL and other trapped electron dating (TED) methods, and to contrast this with the effect of cosmic rays on other dating methods based on cosmogenic nuclides, e.g. ¹⁴C, which cover the same time span.' ―Prescott​

But there is much more ¹⁴C on the planet than the yearly production from cosmic rays. This makes ¹⁴C dating more resistant to changes in solar flux than the converse. The solar activity is more prone to error, and is dependent on dating techniques in two ways: first, to have the date to begin with; and second, to subtract the ¹⁴C decay during the intervening period since this is the very same radioactivity which determines solar activity. So the error would be compounded, and would follow a hyperbolic curve. Inaccurate ¹⁴C dates necessarily change apparent solar activity, but nobody attempts to estimate this beyond living tree data (Eddy, 1980).

Prescott also lets us know why Usoskin had bothered with magnetic field data; this effects how many cosmic rays penetrate the atmosphere.

'The Earth’s magnetic field acts as a momentum filter for charged primary cosmic rays, most of which are protons. Particles approaching the Earth across magnetic field lines will be deflected and may be prevented from reaching the top of the atmosphere altogether, whereas particles arriving along the field lines (near the poles) are not deflected.' ―Prescott​

But the temperature, solar activity, and atmospheric carbon dioxide over the last few hundred years have been recorded—representing actual measurements; not simply estimates. I would consider these completely reliable. Most physical equations of the Earth's Temperature do have solar flux as and independent variable, but any prediction based on historical CO₂ and temperature alone is naïve: any person serious about modeling past temperature must also take solar flux into account, something which cannot be accurately known over 7000 years ago (Eddy, 1977).

So the solar flux data appears accurate—as long as it's within a few thousand years—and the double‐bind experienced when estimating solar flux via carbon fourteen, while concomitantly using dates derived from ¹⁴C‐data, only happens on older time scales.


Eddy, John A. "Climate and the changing sun." Climatic Change (1977)
Usoskin, I. G. "Evidence for distinct modes of solar activity." Astronomy & Astrophysics (2014)
Eddy, John A. "The historical record of solar activity." The Ancient Sun: Fossil Record in the Earth, Moon and Meteorites. 1980.
Prescott, John R. "Cosmic ray contributions to dose rates for luminescence and ESR dating: large depths and long-term time variations." Radiation measurements (1994)

 

[x-ray peat]

I looked further into it and they believe that they can reliably go back up to 40,000 years and are only limited by the half life of Carbon 14. This makes sense for two reasons. 1) the effect of radioactive decay can easily be accounted for because they know the rough date of each ice core layer. All measurements can therefore be adjusted to a common year and comparisons can be made across the 40,000 year span. 2) Alternatively since they are mostly interested in annual changes due to solar activity, they really only have to determine the delta between two adjacent measurements. Here the effect of radioactive decay would be minimal.

 

[Travis]

How's this for an interesting article.

Apparently, the correlation between cosmic rays and clouds is high. The cosmic rays are thought to ionize the air, creating a negative (or positive) charge which attracts water and forms a seed. This seems like a realistic mechanism, and the Pearson coefficient of cosmic rays vs clouds is .92 (over a 22‐year span).

 

[x-ray peat]

The movie the great global warming swindle gets into that theory and it seems quite compelling.

You can skip to minute 27

 

[Terma]

We have these comments:

Is this study alone the basis for your statement? the one about these observations having been 'highly criticized?'

Hi Travais, I am super drunk and it's wednesday so I'm not going to be able to reply properly. I will try, I usually achieve legibe at least. I don't give a ***t about anything right now

I read that whole article and more so I know all the quote. They are taken up in various other articles and it is a 50/50.

The article makes extremely important points about the wide disparity between in vivo and in vitro experiment, and cell depletion of tryptophan effect means jack ***t for in vivo mechanism. That is the main problem. The american or whoever it was, probably an american, jumped the gun.

The tryptophan restriction may not have evolved at all as an invading organism growth restriction but instead as a modulator of the stress response of the host's cells, which lead to immune efficiency. SOory I have to stop here, this forum is not good for me anymore.

 

[Travis]

The article makes extremely important points about the wide disparity between in vivo and in vitro experiment, and cell depletion of tryptophan effect means jack ***t for in vivo mechanism. That is the main problem.

If that were true, he'd be compelled to explain why you'd expect it not to occur in vivo. But as it turns out, the lack of in vitro data is a red herring. There is plenty of evidence demonstrating that this does, in fact, occur in real living people:

'activation of the immune system in laboratory animals through the administration of proinflammatory cytokines (eg, interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha) or lipopolysaccharide, a potent cytokine-inducer, is accompanied by a wide range of behavioral effects referred to as ‘sickness behavior’ that resemble symptoms of depression;' ―Capuron

'Depressive symptoms frequently develop in patients receiving cytokines, mainly interleukin-2 and interferon-α, for the treatment of cancer or viral diseases.' ―Capuron

'In clinical studies, significant decreases in serum TRP concentrations have been noted in patients receiving IL-2 or IFN-α. In another type of investigation, associations between plasma TRP concentrations and immune variables have been observed in psychiatric patients with major depression. Taken together, these data point to the possibility that depressive symptoms in patients treated with cytokine therapy could be related to the actions of cytokines on monoamine metabolism. The aim of the present study was therefore to assess the relationship between the development of depressive symptoms and blood concentrations of the amino acid precursors of serotonin and norepinephrine in cancer patients receiving IL-2 or IFN-α therapy.' ―Capuron

'Patients were treated either with IFN-α alone or with IL-2, administered alone or in combination with IFN-α. ' ―Capuron

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'Results from the present study indicate for the first time that the development of depressive symptoms during cytokine therapy is associated with significant changes in serum TRP concentrations' ―Capuron

'Cytokines differ in their potency to induce IDO. Although interferon-gamma is one of the most potent inducers of IDO, both IL-2 and IFN-α are also able to induce IDO activity and TRP degradation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In the case of IL-2, the induction of IDO is probably indirectly mediated via the stimulation of IFN-γ.' ―Capuron

Capuron, L. "Association between decreased serum tryptophan concentrations and depressive symptoms in cancer patients undergoing cytokine therapy." Molecular psychiatry (2002)​

Another study shows the reduction in serum tryptophan in HIV patients, with an increase in neopterin. The neopterin indicates that gamma interferon is involved.

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Fuchs, Dietmar. "Decreased serum tryptophan in patients with HIV-1 infection correlates with increased serum neopterin and with neurologic/psychiatric symptoms." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1990)
​

And another one. This one relates depression, interferon-γ, tryptophan, and neopterin:

'Hence, we carried out a study to: (1) replicate the the findings of increased neopterin levels in depression; (2) investigate whether major depression is characterized by increased IFN-γ secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells; and (3) by an inverse relationship between plasma neopterin and L-TRP or L-TRP/CAA values.' ―Maes

'IFN-γ was determined with an enzyme immunoassay, i.e., by means of the Eurogenetics Gamma Interferon ELISA kit.' ―Maes

'Table 2 shows that depressed subjects had significantly higher neopterin levels than healthy control subjects. The highest neopterin plasma levels were observed in melancholic subjects.' ―Maes

'Table 2 shows that L-TRP values were significantly lower in major depressed subjects than in normal control subjects and minor depressed subjects.' ―Maes

'IFN-γ secretion was significantly higher in major depressed subjects (mean = 710 IU/ml, SD = 775) than in normal control subjects (mean = 206 IU/ml, SD = 244)' ―Maes​

Interferon-γ was elevated, neopterin was elevetated, and serum tryptophan was lowered. These are consistent findings.

Maes, Michael. "Increased neopterin and interferon-gamma secretion and lower availability of L-tryptophan in major depression: further evidence for an immune response." Psychiatry research (1994)

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And there is another one showing a very strong association between interferon-γ and tryptophan in HIV patients.

'IFN-γ, neopterin and kynurenine levels were significantly increased compared to HIV-1 seronegative controls whereas tryptophan was significantly decreased. Various significant correlations were found between tryptophan, kynurenine, IFN-γ, and neopterin concentrations. Highest degree of correlation was found between neopterin, IFN-γ and the kynurenine per tryptophan quotient which is the ratio between the product and the substrate concentration of IDO.' ―Fuchs

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'Tryptophan and kynurenine concentrations were measured by reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography as described using on-line deproteinization of samples without precipitation. Tryptophan was measured by fluorescence detection at 285 nm excitation wavelength and 365 nm emission wavelength; kynurenine was measured by UV absorption of 360 nm wavelength. Tryptophan and kynurenine concentrations of patients were compared to healthy HIV-seronegative controls.' ―Fuchs

Fuchs, Dietmar. "Increased endogenous interferon-gamma and neopterin correlate with increased degradation of tryptophan in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection." Immunology letters (1991)​

Due to the consistent nature of these findings, I think you could expect lower tryptophan—approaching half of normal—circulating during times of severe infection. Interferon-γ is also released in some people in response to small glutamine–proline‐rich peptides derived from grains such as wheat, rye, and oats. Even milk allergy is characterized by γ-interferon, but its higher tryptophan ratio could partially offset this (nothing is higher in tryptophan than lactalbumin, found in the whey fraction). You might also expect some of the mental changes which occur in celiac disease to be consequent of low tryptophan, but the morphological changes seen in the intestinal villi (reduced crypt length) would confound any direct association.

It turns out that this too had been studied: the association between celiac disease and serum tryptophan. They had found exactly what you'd expect: Low tryptophan, elevated kyneurenine, and indolamine diooxygenase.

'However, once an autoimmune disorder is established, the presence of chronic inflammation might provoke sustained IDO production and IDO fails to limit immune deregulation under these pathological conditions. Several inflammatory mediators including the most potent, interferon-γ, induce IDO production. The study by Wolf et al. provided the first evidence that the anti-inflammatory enzyme IDO is over-expressed in lesional biopsies from patients with inflammatory bowel disease and also demonstrated that T helper 1-like cytokines such as IFN-γ and tumour necrosis factor are potent inducers of IDO expression.' ―Torres

'Tryptophan metabolites were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as described elsewhere.' ―Torres

'Kynurenine, which represents the first product of tryptophan catabolism, was significantly higher in supernatants of serum of CD patients (4·2 mmol/l 0·27) than in the serum of healthy controls (2·6 mmol/l 0·54, P < 0·0024) (Fig. 2a).' ―Torres​

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'In our study, we found an increase of the level of IFN-γ that could be a potent inducer of IDO expression in this disease. In this sense, the study of Wolf et al. [12] demonstrated that IFN-γ and TNF-α are potent inducers of IDO expression.' ―Torres​

This is indicative of indolamine diooxygenase expression. Since kyneurenine was found elevated, and tryptophan found reduced, you could suspect that it had been upregulated—but you don't have to: They had used conjugated sheep anti-human indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase antibodies to stain for this enzyme directly:

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'This study provides the first evidence that the antiinflammatory enzyme IDO is highly expressed in intestinal biopsies from patients with CD.' ―Torres​

Torres, M. I. "Tryptophan metabolism and indoleamine 2, 3‐dioxygenase expression in coeliac disease." Clinical & Experimental Immunology (2007)​

 

[Terma]

@Travis Sorry I ran out of time to read studies right now or the methods used. One of the criticisms of the measurements of total TRP vs free TRP, I don't have any idea that applies to those without reading them. (losing soberness again, I don't have will to post until I'm influenced, you see the conundrum) This probably wasn't clear but I simply agree with the other guy that any pathogen starvation is secondary to the metabolic influence on the host's own cells (the immune cells, macrophages & T-cells) caused by the TRP restriction (+ kynurenine metabolites, there is probably shifts between innate and adaptive immune responses involved)

 

[Regina]

Peat's had a lot to say about authoritarianism I wonder what he'll think of this:


Pathogens and Politics: Further Evidence That Parasite Prevalence Predicts Authoritarianism



Parasite = ***holes. How interesting.



According to experts on the matter, it would take about 3 days of no food to turn cities into war zones



I wonder if vaccinations and fluoridation and GMOs, all of which lower the immune system, are used to keep keep the populations parasite load and threat of illness high so they support whatever bull**** their authoritarian government throws their way. If you're healthy and vibrant and full of energy it's much harder to brainwash you. You're probably outside doing something with yourself instead of passively consuming media.

Some people are finally catching up, baby steps, to pimpnamedraypeat:

Multiple Studies Predicted Governments Become Authoritarian in Response to Pandemics

 

[YourUniverse]

 

[Regina]

Youre wrong there buster. Increased co2 is natural and it precipitates massive global cooling i.e. ice age. Look at the chart I posted. I think the reason they make it seem like its manmade is
1) to lead the discussion and keep people believing that what's happening with the climate is our fault.
2) to blind people to what's coming and silence the truth tellers.

From what I've been reading, the drop into the ice age happens almost instantly.

The problem with the the ice core reading is that they assumed the accumulation of snow and ice must have taken years and years. They took modern weather cycles and retconned it. A lot of science is like that.
But with technological improvement and increased accuracy in measurement methods they've found that these ice ages happens abruptly, with years of snow fall happening in a short time period. It's not a gradual creep of hundreds of years it's a few years or maybe even months.



It's a huge problem. Hopefully we can go back to small communities where everybody knows everybody and everything you need is a bicycle ride away. That's the way it is in a lot of other countries and they're happier. It seems like the rot of the city has creeped outwards.



I'm becoming more and more convinced that the future of our planet will look like one of those disaster movies "they" are always making.

future-seeing wizard