noqcks
Member
- Joined
- Feb 8, 2020
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- 108
Posting some interesting information from this paper.
Read the full paper if you are interested in the hypothesized reason MB is helpful for memory.
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Mechanism of Action
"MB not only has great affinity for nervous tissue, it has also been recognized as one of the most potent chain-breaking antioxidants ... Recent evidence supports that MB effectively improves memory in healthy animals and humans. These enhancing effects have been shown in a variety of experimental learning and memory paradigms ranging from habituation to spatial memory. In addition, MB has been used in the therapy of mental disorders and cardiac arrest-associated brain damage ... The data suggest that the mechanism for these effects is based on MB’s redox cycling properties and its effects on the energy metabolism machinery in mitochondria."
"MB enhances oxidative metabolism by interacting with components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain... Normally, the electron transport chain complexes receive electrons from reduced co-substrates such as NADH and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2), but MB has been regularly used as an artificial electron donor in experimental conditions and has shown metabolic enhancing properties. It is well established that reduced MB can donate electrons to coenzyme Q and possibly to cytochrome c (Fig. 3), thus increasing cytochrome oxidase (complex IV) activity and oxygen consumption"
"MB is able to stimulate glucose metabolism in anoxic conditions and increase NADH oxidation by mitochondria."
"At low concentrations, MB can enter a reversible redox cycle and interact with oxygen to form water, which would decrease the superoxide radicals produced during the process of oxidative phosphorylation"
"An enzyme of particular interest with which MB interacts is nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Inhibition of NOS mediates the systemic cardiovascular effects of MB that have granted its clinical use in septic shock, a life-threatening condition that happens when an infection lowers blood pressure"
"A valuable property of MB inherent to its metabolic-enhancing effects is its antioxidant potential. Under the right conditions (i.e., low pH, high redox potential, low local concentrations), MB is expected to scavenge electrons produced in oxidation–reduction reactions in all cell compartments, thus decreasing the generation of oxygen reactive species"
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Dosage
"MB has a hormetic dose–response with opposite effects at high and low doses (Bruchey and Gonzalez-Lima, 2008). For example, high intravenous doses of MB cause methemoglobinemia, whereas low-dose MB is the treatment of choice for methemoglobinemia"
"Thus, in the presence of an optimal mitochondrial membrane potential, low MB concentrations favor dimerization and reduction, whereas high concentrations promote oxidation and reaction with endogenous electron donors such as nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). Therefore, it is expected that low MB doses or concentrations will be, in general, more effective than large ones at facilitating physiological effects within mitochondria."
"At high local concentrations, MB can potentially ‘‘steal’’ electrons away from the electron transport chain complexes, disrupting the redox balance and acting as a prooxidant
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Heavy Metals
"Even pharmaceutical (USP) grade MB contains impurities, such as arsenic, aluminum, cadmium, mercury and lead. At low doses, the presence of contaminants is not of great concern, but at higher doses nonspecific effects due to accumulation of various toxic and bioactive substances are possible. Industrial-grade and chemical-grade MB sold as a dye or stain can consist of more than 8% or 11% of various contaminants."
Read the full paper if you are interested in the hypothesized reason MB is helpful for memory.
----
Mechanism of Action
"MB not only has great affinity for nervous tissue, it has also been recognized as one of the most potent chain-breaking antioxidants ... Recent evidence supports that MB effectively improves memory in healthy animals and humans. These enhancing effects have been shown in a variety of experimental learning and memory paradigms ranging from habituation to spatial memory. In addition, MB has been used in the therapy of mental disorders and cardiac arrest-associated brain damage ... The data suggest that the mechanism for these effects is based on MB’s redox cycling properties and its effects on the energy metabolism machinery in mitochondria."
"MB enhances oxidative metabolism by interacting with components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain... Normally, the electron transport chain complexes receive electrons from reduced co-substrates such as NADH and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2), but MB has been regularly used as an artificial electron donor in experimental conditions and has shown metabolic enhancing properties. It is well established that reduced MB can donate electrons to coenzyme Q and possibly to cytochrome c (Fig. 3), thus increasing cytochrome oxidase (complex IV) activity and oxygen consumption"
"MB is able to stimulate glucose metabolism in anoxic conditions and increase NADH oxidation by mitochondria."
"At low concentrations, MB can enter a reversible redox cycle and interact with oxygen to form water, which would decrease the superoxide radicals produced during the process of oxidative phosphorylation"
"An enzyme of particular interest with which MB interacts is nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Inhibition of NOS mediates the systemic cardiovascular effects of MB that have granted its clinical use in septic shock, a life-threatening condition that happens when an infection lowers blood pressure"
"A valuable property of MB inherent to its metabolic-enhancing effects is its antioxidant potential. Under the right conditions (i.e., low pH, high redox potential, low local concentrations), MB is expected to scavenge electrons produced in oxidation–reduction reactions in all cell compartments, thus decreasing the generation of oxygen reactive species"
---
Dosage
"MB has a hormetic dose–response with opposite effects at high and low doses (Bruchey and Gonzalez-Lima, 2008). For example, high intravenous doses of MB cause methemoglobinemia, whereas low-dose MB is the treatment of choice for methemoglobinemia"
"Thus, in the presence of an optimal mitochondrial membrane potential, low MB concentrations favor dimerization and reduction, whereas high concentrations promote oxidation and reaction with endogenous electron donors such as nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). Therefore, it is expected that low MB doses or concentrations will be, in general, more effective than large ones at facilitating physiological effects within mitochondria."
"At high local concentrations, MB can potentially ‘‘steal’’ electrons away from the electron transport chain complexes, disrupting the redox balance and acting as a prooxidant
---
Heavy Metals
"Even pharmaceutical (USP) grade MB contains impurities, such as arsenic, aluminum, cadmium, mercury and lead. At low doses, the presence of contaminants is not of great concern, but at higher doses nonspecific effects due to accumulation of various toxic and bioactive substances are possible. Industrial-grade and chemical-grade MB sold as a dye or stain can consist of more than 8% or 11% of various contaminants."
