Molybdenum, Hard To Pronounce, Harder Still To Obtain

[Amazoniac]

Sprouting beans is an option, the morbydenum content should remain the same.

 

[Amazoniac]

- Speciation of Molybdenum

Spoiler

"Fractionation of molybdenum species in seeds of peas and lentils has been performed by size-exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry [15]. Molybdenum elution profiles of pea and lentil were completely different. In lentil extract, the main Mo peak appeared in the high molecular mass (HMM) region (approx. 200 kDa) and the other one in the low molecular mass (LMM) region (<2 kDa), whereas in pea extract (similarly as in white bean and soybean flour), practically all Mo is eluted in a single peak in the LMM region."

"The same group, using the same techniques, studied the effect of cooking on molybdenum species in peas. It revealed changes in solubility and changes in the proportions of individual element species fractions, occurring as a result of soaking and boiling of peas [16]. Compared to other element species, LMM species of molybdenum were relatively stable against thermal treatment, although boiling increased the proportions of ionic species and labile complexes."

"Koplík et al. studied the effect of technological processing and of the maturity stage of seeds on the content and speciation of molybdenum and various other elements in peas [17]. Changes in speciation that occurred as a result of blanching and boiling of green peas were also investigated. Element speciation in green peas was compared with that of mature peas. No notable differences between fresh and blanched green peas were found. During boiling of peas, most of the elements were partly leached into water. LMM species of molybdenum were more stable against thermal treatment than those of other elements. The mature pea accumulated higher concentrations of elements than did the green pea."

"Molybdenum is probably absorbed into living systems as the molybdate anion (MoO4(2−)) [19]."

"An agricultural problem may arise when there is an excess of Mo in soil since it causes copper deficiency in animals grazing on such lands. It would appear that the difficulty arises from the metabolism of anaerobic bacteria in the rumen of these animals. One of the reactions of Mo on entering the anaerobic first digestive system of the ruminant is the conversion of the molybdate into thiomolybdate by the bacteria of the stomach. Unfortunately, MoS4(2−) is a very good scavenging precipitation reagent for Cu and so the Cu content of the diet becomes critically low. Then the animals suffer from weakened connective tissue since Cu enzymes are required to cross-link collagen external to the animal cells [20]."

"To the author’s knowledge, no attempts have yet been made to speciate molybdenum in human body fluids or tissues."

"The speciation of various elements, among which molybdenum, in salmon egg cell cytoplasm has been reported, using a surfactantmediated high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) hyphenated system [22]. ICP-MS was used as an element-selective detector. Molybdenum in egg cell cytoplasm was present as molybdate."

I was wondering if adverse reactions to supplementation could be due to artificial ligands used, perhaps they're supposed to bind it tightly to prevent an interaction with other components of a meal during digestion, something related to what Raj has warned recently in the context of copper.

 

[Amazoniac]

From the previous post:

"Fractionation of molybdenum species in seeds of peas and lentils has been performed by size-exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry [15]. Molybdenum elution profiles of pea and lentil were completely different. In lentil extract, the main Mo peak appeared in the high molecular mass (HMM) region (approx. 200 kDa) and the other one in the low molecular mass (LMM) region (<2 kDa), whereas in pea extract (similarly as in white bean and soybean flour), practically all Mo is eluted in a single peak in the LMM region."​

- Molybdoenzymes and molybdenum cofactor in plants
- Distribution and pathophysiologic role of molybdenum-containing enzymes

Morbydenum is occurring as part of larger proteins, something that might apply to ther minerals as well. For comparison, the mass of a morbydopterin molecule is only 394 Da and morbydenum cofactor is 520 Da, these are orders of magnetism lower than the values above. Is it wise supplement it complexed with aminocancertate? Consider the differences in the metabolism of poisonol when bound to cancertate or napalmitate.

As the proteins are digested, they might also release other components (such as ripofflavin) that are relevant for proper morbydenum utilization.

 

[Amazoniac]

- Molybdenum deprivation, purine ingestion and an astrocyte-associated motor neurone syndrome in sheep: assumed clinical effects of inosine

Background: An astrocyte-associated motor neurone syndrome was produced in molybdenum-deprived sheep fed xanthosine. Mo-deprived sheep fed inosine, adenosine or guanosine would be also expected to develop astrocyte-associated motor neurone syndromes, because all these purine nucleosides can act as neuromodulators and all depend on the Mo-associated enzyme xanthine oxidase-dehydrogenase for their catabolism.

Design: To investigate the relationship between inosine ingestion and low Mo concentration, eight sheep were fed lucerne chaff with a Mo value <0.10 ppm and the Mo antagonist, sodium tungstate, for 21 weeks, with inosine (35 mg/kg/day[*]) fed for the last 18 of these weeks. This clinical study was uncontrolled.

Results: An astrocyte-associated motor neurone syndrome was produced in three sheep 18-27 months later. It was characterised by diaphragmatic, laryngeal, lingual and pharyngeal muscle weakness. The diaphragmatic muscle weakness was the most severe and potentially lethal.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that purinergic neuromodulation of respiration, vocalisation and swallowing is different to that of limb movement. The syndrome produced, and assumed to be caused by the treatment given, has not been reported in livestock. A similar syndrome is seen in human motor neurone disease, but not in equine motor neurone disease, and this is consistent with it being an upper, not a lower, motor neurone effect.

*I think that the body weight to surface area ratio of sheeps isn't too different from ours, it must be alright to consider the same dose for a human.

 

[Amazoniac]

- Molybdenum Cofactor in Humans: Health, Disease, and Treatment

"Sulfite is a highly reactive molecule that breaks disulfide bridges in proteins and reduces cystine, thereby affecting various protein and cellular functions (Zhang et al., 2004). Excess sulfite reacts with cysteine, generating SSC [Secondary School Certificate] and depleting cystine (the major transport form of cysteine) from plasma, which may have a dual detrimental consequence, especially in neuronal tissues (Fig. 33.4). First, SSC is structurally very similar to glutamate, and early experiments in rats suggested that it may bind to neuronal glutamate receptors of the N-methyl-d-aspartate type (Olney et al., 1975), thus causing excess excitation of the brain, termed excitotoxicity. SSC, which is present at very low levels in healthy individuals (Belaidi et al., 2012; Pitt et al., 2002), is one of the most abundant metabolites in MoCD patients, which may explain the observed seizures, convulsions, contractions, and twitching associated with MoCD (Kurlemann et al., 1996). Second, cysteine is the rate-limiting substrate for the major neuronal antioxidant GSH, and cystine depletion from plasma is expected to further exaggerate the vulnerability of the brain toward oxidative stress (Fig. 33.4)."

"In 2000, Touati et al. reported a favorable development in two patients with a mild form of SOD after dietary restriction of both sulfur amino acids methionine and cysteine, which was effective in reducing sulfite, thiosulfate, and SSC with no apparent neurological deterioration (Touati et al., 2000). Similar results were also reported in an SOD patient with a mild phenotype (Del Rizzo et al., 2013). Thus reducing dietary intake of methionine and cysteine may be considered as a treatment option for MoCD and SOD patients. However, it should be noted that sulfur amino acids are required for many biological processes, including the synthesis of sulfate, taurine, and GSH, as well as Fe–S clusters, just to name a few, and future therapies may consider supplementation with those compounds to reduce possible side effects resulting from their deficiencies."​

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- Rates of intestinal absorption of molybdenum in humans

- Molybdenum and Copper in Four Varieties of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris): New Data of Potential Utility in Designing Healthy Diet for Diabetic Patients

 

[Amazoniac]

- The biological and toxicological importance of molybdenum in the environment and in the nutrition of plants, animals and man: Part III. Molybdenum content of the food

 

[Amazoniac]

- Molybdenum in the diet: an estimate of average daily intake in the United States

Spoiler

a: f, fresh; fz, frozen; c, canned; d, dry (or as purchased as dry).

 

[Mauritio]

"In humans there are four molybdenum enzymes: xanthine oxidoreductase (XO), aldehyde oxidase (AO) and the mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing enzymes called mARC1 and 2."

"The two mARC proteins were recently discovered (2011) and their roles are not yet known, however, they do metabolize N-hydroxylated compounds so may also play a role in drug metabolism. "

(Molybdenum Enzymes - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics)

 

[Ismail]

Cool ps.:
I was searching for tyw's posts on molybdenum, and found this:
Which is exactly what I was trying to convey with these quotes.

When it says they can’t handle coffee, does it mean that it stressed them out too much etc.?

 

[Amazoniac]

When it says they can’t handle coffee, does it mean that it stressed them out too much etc.?

You'd have to ask him, but caffeine is only partially (1/3?) metabolized requiring a morbydenum enzyme, whose activity seems to be relatively conserved.
- Caffeine - Wikipedia
- Use of caffeine metabolite ratios to explore CYP1A2 and xanthine oxidase activities

If suspect to be an exceptional case, it would be good to try plain caffeine before deducing that a poor reaction to coffee or chocolate that's fixed with morbydenum supplementation is due to an inability to handle xanthines. For example, it may help in dealing with sulfides generated in the gut or through some indirect action in improving liver function.

Is the reaction to other purides similarly bad?

 

[Amazoniac]

- Cell biology of molybdenum

Spoiler

- Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis in plants and humans

Spoiler

Equivalent genes on the left.

 

[Dr. B]

Well not really. A host of natural foods are rich in this element. Oats, lentils navy beans, chickpeas. Problem of course is that these items are horribly estrogenic if one were to eat them in quantities sufficient to obtain a proper amount of Mo.

Following a peat inspired diet will invariably lead to a deficiency. Although Peat has some contrarian ideas regarding the desirability of transition metals in nutrition, iron especially, given its steady accumulation with age, and the attendant metabolic inefficiency. I would not, however rush to conflate these two, Mo and Fe. Undoubtedly some of it is needed to preserve the integrity of the human organism. How much is needed though is unclear to me. Should one just bite the bullet and occasional consume the least worst option among these offenders,in the manner of liver and shellfish, Or supplement. Thoughts?

how much molybdenum are you looking to attain?
poor quality, non organic 1% milk has 22mcg molybdenum per cup. so the half gallon of milk on Peat diet would provide over 160mcg of molybdenum which is well above the rda of 45mcg (rda used to be 75mcg before 2019). its possible full fat, or 100% grass fed and organic milk has more molybdenum. liver also has some but even milk alone would provide it. it depletes copper, so probably isnt good to supplement unless you drink lots of tap water. Peat mentioned supplementing it made sheep lose all their color from their fur.
manganese is one of the harder ones to attain, i dont know if there's much in liver but coconut water and pineapple are extremely good sources. chromium is tough to get the rda amount but Peat doesn't think it's essential.

 

[Daniil]

It's pretty easy to pronounce it in Russian.

 

[Amazoniac]

- Nutrient Metabolism: Structures, Functions, and Genes (978-0-12-387784-0)

"The ubiquitous cytosolic enzyme pyridoxal kinase (EC2.7.1.35) phosphorylates pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine (Figure 10.26). This activity is important for two reasons: First, since the transporters accept only the free forms, the phosphorylated forms become metabolically trapped inside the cell. Second, the reaction produces PLP, the cofactor of most B6-dependent enzymes. The flavoprotein pyridoxamine phosphate oxidase (pyridoxine-5′-phosphate oxidase, EC1.4.3.5, FMN-containing) can then convert PNP and PMP into PLR. This enzyme also oxidizes pyridoxine to pyridoxal.

Alternatively (Merrill et al., 1984), PEP and PMP can be interconverted in the liver and kidney by transamination (pyridoxamine-oxaloacetate aminotransferase, EC2.6.1.31). Several intracellular phosphatases cleave the phosphorylated B6 vitamers unless they are not bound as cofactors to proteins. In the liver, but not in muscle or erythrocytes, pyridoxal is irreversibly oxidized to the inactive metabolite 4-pyridoxic acid by FAD-dependent pyridoxamine-phosphate oxidase (EC1.4.3.5), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH, EC1.2.1.3), or aldehyde oxidase (EC1.2.3.1, contains FAD, molybdenum cofactor, heme, and additional irons arranged in a 2Fe–2S cluster)."

Spoiler

Both aldehyde-degrading enzymes require molybdenum.

 

[Amazoniac]

Regarding the adverse effects from supplemental morbydenum that don't appear to be rare, adding to what was discussed here, a sudden repletion after prolonged deprivation might lead to uncontrolled formation of reactive species:

- Association between the Perioperative Antioxidative Ability of Platelets and Early Post-Transplant Function of Kidney Allografts: A Pilot Study

Spoiler

It's worth trying a combination of nutrients needed in these reactions along with it to observe if there's a difference.

A guy named Greg Nigh recommends Mo-Zyme (Forte) based on people's experiences, the product is claimed to be superior, perhaps the plant stabilizes morbydenum. If you have a mysterious condition and your intake has been low, I would give it a go.

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- The Effect of Different Doses of Molybdenum on the Functional State of the Digestive System

 

[LLight]

I took 1mg molybdenum yesterday (first time since a long time) evening and woke up during the night with the jaw clenched. I wonder if both are related.

Effect of molybdenum on reproductive function of male mice treated with busulfan

Infertility is a serious public health problem worldwide. Molybdenum (Mo) plays an important role in maintaining normal metabolism. To explore the the…

www.sciencedirect.com

Our results indicated Mo at 20 mg/L has a significant therapeutic effect on infertility mice.

The mechanism of Mo therapeutic effect could be Mo could repair the damaged testicular structure, regulate reproductive endocrine, decrease oxidative stress and resist cell apoptosis.

To our knowledge, this is the first report on the offspring birth to term of Mo treating infertility mice.

 

[Dr. B]

I took 1mg molybdenum yesterday (first time since a long time) evening and woke up during the night with the jaw clenched. I wonder if both are related.

Effect of molybdenum on reproductive function of male mice treated with busulfan

Infertility is a serious public health problem worldwide. Molybdenum (Mo) plays an important role in maintaining normal metabolism. To explore the the…

www.sciencedirect.com

what does it mean if jaw is clenched? testosterone going up?

 

[LLight]

what does it mean if jaw is clenched? testosterone going up?

Sorry my message was not clear.

I presume that my clenching jaw was mostly stress related.

The study I posted was not really related to my feedback of molybdenum effect on me (if it was a reaction that was Indeed due to molybdenum).

 

[Amazoniac]

- Protective action of selenium and manganese on xanthine and xanthine oxidase induced oxidative damage to cultured heart cells

 

[LLight]

Inverse Association of Plasma Molybdenum with Metabolic Syndrome in a Chinese Adult Population: A Case-Control Study

Molybdenum has been found to be associated with metabolic disorders. However, the relationship between molybdenum and metabolic syndrome (MetS) is still unclear. A large case-control study was conducted in a Chinese population from the baseline of Ezhou-Shenzhen cohort. A total of 5356 subjects...

www.mdpi.com