Amazoniac
Member
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07315724.1994.10718432
Some selected parts:
"There is suggestive evidence that Mg deficiency contributes to sudden cardiac death (SCD). Pain of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), angina pectoris, cancer, or trauma is stressful. In AMI - especially when there is underlying Mg deficiency as is caused by diuretics, additional Mg loss induced by stress of pain and anxiety might be a factor in its morbidity and mortality. Prompt intravenous (iv) pharmacologic treatment with Mg has improved AMI survival."
"The mutual enhancement by the antioxidant, vitamin E, and by Mg of their protective effects against stress-induced myocardial damage, that is intensified by Mg deficiency, is interrelated with catecholamine-release of free radicals, as well as with loss of tissue Mg."
"Catecholamine-secreting granules from adrenal medulla or nerve endings, suspended in low Mg/high Ca or high Mg/low Ca solutions, release more catecholamine in low Mg and less in high Mg media; Ca has reciprocal effects (Fig. 2) [11-15]."
"Classic studies of activation of the sympathetic system by emotional or sensory stimuli showed that pain, hunger, fear and rage increased epinephrine urinary excretion [1]. During aggressive and violent action, norepinephrine release predominates [2]."
"Epinephrine, but not norepinephrine, significantly reduced plasma Mg in healthy men [19]."
"Prolonged isolation and other emotional, but not physical, stress has increased serum CS [corticosteroids] in rats [25]. Runners exhibited increased excretion of both catecholamines and CS; Mg supplements significantly decreased their CS excretion [9]. A marathon runner, whose CS levels gradually increased during a race, attained twice pre-race values at the end of the race [26]. A mixed CS with glucocorticosteroid (GCS) and mineralocorticosteroid (MCS) activity caused negative Mg balance in normal volunteers, mostly by interfering with intestinal Mg absorption [27]."
"Anti-aldosterone agents reverse Mg deficiency of cardiac patients on long-term use of Mg-wasting diuretics as reflected by restoration of depressed tissue Mg levels [34,35]."
"Free fatty acids (FFA), an energy source during stress, are mobilized through lipolysis induced by beta-catecholamines [50,51]. However, they bind and inactivate Mg in blood and heart, intensifying functional Mg deficiency. The stress of alcohol withdrawal increased serum FFA and lowered serum Mg in dogs [52]. AMI increases catecholamine release and increases FFA levels [53,54], that is associated with a decline in serum Mg [55]. Hyperexcitable (Type A) subjects, who are more vulnerable than Type B subjects to AMI, exhibit greater adrenergic release, have increased serum FFA, slightly increased plasma Mg, and a small but significant decrease in rbc [red blood cell] Mg [56]."
"[In high-fat diets,] Mg deficiency worsened both fat-induced intravascular hypercoagulation [58-61] and atherogenesis; Mg was protective [42,46,59]. It has prevented platelet aggregation on experimentally damaged endothelium [60,61], and has protected against spontaneous MI [myocardial infarction] of rats, dogs and cocks on nutritionally imbalanced diets that caused Mg deficiency [42,62,63]."
"Recent work in the laboratories of Weglicki and Bloom [76-83] indicates that oxidative stress, induced by the beta-agonist isoproterenol, causes membrane damage of myocardium, endothelium, and erythrocytes in which release of free radicals participates. Mg deficiency and catecholamines each causes tissue Ca overload. Both beta-blockers and Ca-channel blockers cause degrees of membrane lipid anti-peroxidative activity [76-81]. Furthermore, catecholamine auto-oxidation leads to generation of cytotoxic free radicals [84]. That the cardiomyopathy of Mg deficiency, alone, also involves free radicals is indicated by the protective effects of vitamin E and antioxidant drugs in Mg-deficient hamsters [80-83]. This is pertinent to the observation that high intakes of antioxidant nutrients, as well as Mg, were cardioprotective in a large series of Indian cardiac patients [85,86]."
"The inotropic response to increased demands caused by stress increases the force of cardiac contraction and oxygen utilization [4]. Resulting oxygen debt causes relative myocardial hypoxia that can contribute to a shift of Mg out of cells to the extracellular space and plasma, as occurs with local ischemia of skeletal muscle [87] and in infants with asphyxia [88]. The inward shift of Ca, stimulated by catecholamines, is important in cardiac contractility, but when excessive, as in patients with ischemie heart disease (IHD), the chronotropic responses to catecholamines predominate and there is increased risk of arrhythmia and myocardial damage [89]. Even in normal subjects, especially if low in Mg, the chronotropic effect of stress-induced excessive catecholamines may cause arrhythmia and (SCD). The increase in FFA caused by stress plays an important role in reducing availability of myocardial Mg."
"Emotion/anxiety, as well as ischemia, interfere with myocardial oxygen economy [2]. Emotion evokes outpouring of catecholamines and CS, which deplete myocardial Mg, as the central cardio-damaging factor of stress, leading to tachycardia, arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy - and even SCD. Nervous, emotional individuals who are most prone to cardiovascular disease (Type A) have far less stress tolerance than do Type B persons [94]. Exposure to noise and mental stress results in excretion of more catecholamines by Type A than by Type B subjects, who have higher blood Mg (most marked in erythrocytes) than do Type A subjects [56,95]." "The self-sustained stress and exaggerated response to external stresses of Type A persons might lead to subnormal Mg status."
"Durlach [97] suggests that whether Mg deficiency is acute or marginal and chronic (as with long-term suboptimal Mg intake, genetic Mg malabsorption, renal-wasting, or maldistribution), it increases vulnerability to stress and increases its harmful effects."
"Emotional stress is a factor in hypertension [2,102]. Whether clinical hypertension is associated with low or high plasma renin activity (PRA), free intracellular (ic) Mg is low [103-107]; there is negative correlation of PRA with serum Mg levels [103]."
"Rats born to Mg deficient dams are less tolerant of stress, even after infancy [119]."
"Among the conditioning factors considered in migraine is stress, with its induced intravascular coagulability associated with hypomagnesemia platelet hyperaggregability and decreased cerebral blood flow [66,115,128-130]." "Altura [128] hypothesizes that the Ca-blocking effect of Mg might justify its trial in migraine to prevent or ameliorate the initiation of migraine attacks."
"Among the stresses that increase vulnerability to cardiac damage in rats is noise. It increased Mg loss from the heart, and myocardial Ca and collagen deposition [133]. Franz found impaired hearing of surviving Mg deficient littermates, some of whom had died of sound-induced seizures [134]. Noise stress damaged the inner ear and Mg deficiency intensified ear damage; high Mg intake was protective [133,135-138]."
"Mg deficient rats exposed to noise over a long period (i.e. 30 months) age rapidly [133]. Cold stressed rats, made Mg deficient enough to cause adverse reactions and death of some in infancy but to which adaptation took place in survivors, experience both reduced tolerance of cold stress as reflected by cardiac damage and shortened life span [139]."
"Voluntary starvation to reduce obesity is not the severe stress of famine or of concentration camps which has been associated with myofibriuar disruption [140] and SCD [141]. During refeeding of surviving victims, strongly negative Mg balances persisted for months on Mg intakes as high as 800 mg/day [142]. Even starvation to lose weight has caused arrhythmias and sudden death, possibly associated with lipolysis of ample fat stores, which as with catecholamine released during stress, inactivates available Mg (supra vide)."
"DeLeeuw et al [143], commenting that sudden deaths of total starvation and some low-calorie diets are probably cardiac, showed that total starvation in an obese animal model caused severe myocardial Mg depletion."
"Peptic ulcers in rats are characteristic of the early stress reaction, which sensitizes the mucosa to irritants and other stimuli, especially in Mg deficiency [156-157]. Their incidence and extent were decreased by Mg administration. The effect of Mg deficiency on intestinal motility [157] may help to explain the stomach aches and acute abdominal pain in nervous children with marginal Mg deficiency and the beneficial effects of Mg supplementation in these patients [157,158]."
"[..]it is noteworthy that ATP synthesis is Mg-dependent, as is phosphorylation [160]"
"Mg deficiency intensifies stress ulcers through its stimulation of histamine secretion. Mg deficiency in rats increases degranulation of mast cells with histamine release [162-164]."
"Bronchial asthma [165,166], which is very stressful when seriously impeding respiration, has long been associated with hypomagnesemia. It evokes adrenergic and corticosteroid secretion which lower tissue Mg levels (supra vide) and it is characterized by histamine release which has been correlated with hypomagnesemia (supra vide)."
"Mg solutions (iv or aerosol) have been reported effective, at intervals from 1934 to 1973 [165,171-173], and more frequently in the past 10 years [168,169,174-190]. Since the early anecdotal reports, there have been case reports on the ameliorative and even life-saving effect of Mg in intractable asthma [179,182-184,186-188] and favorable double blind [174,180]. The usefulness of Mg in bronchial asthma, however, has been disputed [191-193]."
"The need for higher than physiologic levels of Mg to counteract bronchial spasms induced in vitro had been shown by Classen et al [197] for serotonin, acetyl choline or histamine, and by Spivey et al [198] and Lindeman et al [199] for bethanechol, electrical stimulation or histamine."
"Mathew and Altura [200] have suggested that Mg should have value as an adjunct in treating asthma because it modulates smooth muscle contraction through its Ca-blockage or competition."
"[..]decreased exercise capacity can be an early effect of Mg deficiency."
"Boehmer [220], however, found that an hour's strenuous exercise sharply lowered serum Mg in a large group of well-trained athletes whose resting serum Mg values were normal."
"Treadmill running until exhaustion was shown by Deuster et al [222] to transiently decrease plasma Mg significantly, with over 85% of the loss caused by shift to rbc. There was significantly increased urinary Mg on exercise and of postexercise blood lactate and oxygen consumption during recovery versus a control period."
"[In athletes, supplemental] Mg accelerated glycogen synthesis or spared glycogen in muscle thereby sparing energy."
"Those undergoing active anabolism and/or subjected to stress have substantially higher Mg needs. Studies of diets of athletes have shown that such needs are commonly not met by their diets [222,236-242]."
@haidut - I think that you and your future Tranquilin are going to enjoy this one.
Some selected parts:
"There is suggestive evidence that Mg deficiency contributes to sudden cardiac death (SCD). Pain of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), angina pectoris, cancer, or trauma is stressful. In AMI - especially when there is underlying Mg deficiency as is caused by diuretics, additional Mg loss induced by stress of pain and anxiety might be a factor in its morbidity and mortality. Prompt intravenous (iv) pharmacologic treatment with Mg has improved AMI survival."
"The mutual enhancement by the antioxidant, vitamin E, and by Mg of their protective effects against stress-induced myocardial damage, that is intensified by Mg deficiency, is interrelated with catecholamine-release of free radicals, as well as with loss of tissue Mg."
"Catecholamine-secreting granules from adrenal medulla or nerve endings, suspended in low Mg/high Ca or high Mg/low Ca solutions, release more catecholamine in low Mg and less in high Mg media; Ca has reciprocal effects (Fig. 2) [11-15]."
"Classic studies of activation of the sympathetic system by emotional or sensory stimuli showed that pain, hunger, fear and rage increased epinephrine urinary excretion [1]. During aggressive and violent action, norepinephrine release predominates [2]."
"Epinephrine, but not norepinephrine, significantly reduced plasma Mg in healthy men [19]."
"Prolonged isolation and other emotional, but not physical, stress has increased serum CS [corticosteroids] in rats [25]. Runners exhibited increased excretion of both catecholamines and CS; Mg supplements significantly decreased their CS excretion [9]. A marathon runner, whose CS levels gradually increased during a race, attained twice pre-race values at the end of the race [26]. A mixed CS with glucocorticosteroid (GCS) and mineralocorticosteroid (MCS) activity caused negative Mg balance in normal volunteers, mostly by interfering with intestinal Mg absorption [27]."
"Anti-aldosterone agents reverse Mg deficiency of cardiac patients on long-term use of Mg-wasting diuretics as reflected by restoration of depressed tissue Mg levels [34,35]."
"Free fatty acids (FFA), an energy source during stress, are mobilized through lipolysis induced by beta-catecholamines [50,51]. However, they bind and inactivate Mg in blood and heart, intensifying functional Mg deficiency. The stress of alcohol withdrawal increased serum FFA and lowered serum Mg in dogs [52]. AMI increases catecholamine release and increases FFA levels [53,54], that is associated with a decline in serum Mg [55]. Hyperexcitable (Type A) subjects, who are more vulnerable than Type B subjects to AMI, exhibit greater adrenergic release, have increased serum FFA, slightly increased plasma Mg, and a small but significant decrease in rbc [red blood cell] Mg [56]."
"[In high-fat diets,] Mg deficiency worsened both fat-induced intravascular hypercoagulation [58-61] and atherogenesis; Mg was protective [42,46,59]. It has prevented platelet aggregation on experimentally damaged endothelium [60,61], and has protected against spontaneous MI [myocardial infarction] of rats, dogs and cocks on nutritionally imbalanced diets that caused Mg deficiency [42,62,63]."
"Recent work in the laboratories of Weglicki and Bloom [76-83] indicates that oxidative stress, induced by the beta-agonist isoproterenol, causes membrane damage of myocardium, endothelium, and erythrocytes in which release of free radicals participates. Mg deficiency and catecholamines each causes tissue Ca overload. Both beta-blockers and Ca-channel blockers cause degrees of membrane lipid anti-peroxidative activity [76-81]. Furthermore, catecholamine auto-oxidation leads to generation of cytotoxic free radicals [84]. That the cardiomyopathy of Mg deficiency, alone, also involves free radicals is indicated by the protective effects of vitamin E and antioxidant drugs in Mg-deficient hamsters [80-83]. This is pertinent to the observation that high intakes of antioxidant nutrients, as well as Mg, were cardioprotective in a large series of Indian cardiac patients [85,86]."
"The inotropic response to increased demands caused by stress increases the force of cardiac contraction and oxygen utilization [4]. Resulting oxygen debt causes relative myocardial hypoxia that can contribute to a shift of Mg out of cells to the extracellular space and plasma, as occurs with local ischemia of skeletal muscle [87] and in infants with asphyxia [88]. The inward shift of Ca, stimulated by catecholamines, is important in cardiac contractility, but when excessive, as in patients with ischemie heart disease (IHD), the chronotropic responses to catecholamines predominate and there is increased risk of arrhythmia and myocardial damage [89]. Even in normal subjects, especially if low in Mg, the chronotropic effect of stress-induced excessive catecholamines may cause arrhythmia and (SCD). The increase in FFA caused by stress plays an important role in reducing availability of myocardial Mg."
"Emotion/anxiety, as well as ischemia, interfere with myocardial oxygen economy [2]. Emotion evokes outpouring of catecholamines and CS, which deplete myocardial Mg, as the central cardio-damaging factor of stress, leading to tachycardia, arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy - and even SCD. Nervous, emotional individuals who are most prone to cardiovascular disease (Type A) have far less stress tolerance than do Type B persons [94]. Exposure to noise and mental stress results in excretion of more catecholamines by Type A than by Type B subjects, who have higher blood Mg (most marked in erythrocytes) than do Type A subjects [56,95]." "The self-sustained stress and exaggerated response to external stresses of Type A persons might lead to subnormal Mg status."
"Durlach [97] suggests that whether Mg deficiency is acute or marginal and chronic (as with long-term suboptimal Mg intake, genetic Mg malabsorption, renal-wasting, or maldistribution), it increases vulnerability to stress and increases its harmful effects."
"Emotional stress is a factor in hypertension [2,102]. Whether clinical hypertension is associated with low or high plasma renin activity (PRA), free intracellular (ic) Mg is low [103-107]; there is negative correlation of PRA with serum Mg levels [103]."
"Rats born to Mg deficient dams are less tolerant of stress, even after infancy [119]."
"Among the conditioning factors considered in migraine is stress, with its induced intravascular coagulability associated with hypomagnesemia platelet hyperaggregability and decreased cerebral blood flow [66,115,128-130]." "Altura [128] hypothesizes that the Ca-blocking effect of Mg might justify its trial in migraine to prevent or ameliorate the initiation of migraine attacks."
"Among the stresses that increase vulnerability to cardiac damage in rats is noise. It increased Mg loss from the heart, and myocardial Ca and collagen deposition [133]. Franz found impaired hearing of surviving Mg deficient littermates, some of whom had died of sound-induced seizures [134]. Noise stress damaged the inner ear and Mg deficiency intensified ear damage; high Mg intake was protective [133,135-138]."
"Mg deficient rats exposed to noise over a long period (i.e. 30 months) age rapidly [133]. Cold stressed rats, made Mg deficient enough to cause adverse reactions and death of some in infancy but to which adaptation took place in survivors, experience both reduced tolerance of cold stress as reflected by cardiac damage and shortened life span [139]."
"Voluntary starvation to reduce obesity is not the severe stress of famine or of concentration camps which has been associated with myofibriuar disruption [140] and SCD [141]. During refeeding of surviving victims, strongly negative Mg balances persisted for months on Mg intakes as high as 800 mg/day [142]. Even starvation to lose weight has caused arrhythmias and sudden death, possibly associated with lipolysis of ample fat stores, which as with catecholamine released during stress, inactivates available Mg (supra vide)."
"DeLeeuw et al [143], commenting that sudden deaths of total starvation and some low-calorie diets are probably cardiac, showed that total starvation in an obese animal model caused severe myocardial Mg depletion."
"Peptic ulcers in rats are characteristic of the early stress reaction, which sensitizes the mucosa to irritants and other stimuli, especially in Mg deficiency [156-157]. Their incidence and extent were decreased by Mg administration. The effect of Mg deficiency on intestinal motility [157] may help to explain the stomach aches and acute abdominal pain in nervous children with marginal Mg deficiency and the beneficial effects of Mg supplementation in these patients [157,158]."
"[..]it is noteworthy that ATP synthesis is Mg-dependent, as is phosphorylation [160]"
"Mg deficiency intensifies stress ulcers through its stimulation of histamine secretion. Mg deficiency in rats increases degranulation of mast cells with histamine release [162-164]."
"Bronchial asthma [165,166], which is very stressful when seriously impeding respiration, has long been associated with hypomagnesemia. It evokes adrenergic and corticosteroid secretion which lower tissue Mg levels (supra vide) and it is characterized by histamine release which has been correlated with hypomagnesemia (supra vide)."
"Mg solutions (iv or aerosol) have been reported effective, at intervals from 1934 to 1973 [165,171-173], and more frequently in the past 10 years [168,169,174-190]. Since the early anecdotal reports, there have been case reports on the ameliorative and even life-saving effect of Mg in intractable asthma [179,182-184,186-188] and favorable double blind [174,180]. The usefulness of Mg in bronchial asthma, however, has been disputed [191-193]."
"The need for higher than physiologic levels of Mg to counteract bronchial spasms induced in vitro had been shown by Classen et al [197] for serotonin, acetyl choline or histamine, and by Spivey et al [198] and Lindeman et al [199] for bethanechol, electrical stimulation or histamine."
"Mathew and Altura [200] have suggested that Mg should have value as an adjunct in treating asthma because it modulates smooth muscle contraction through its Ca-blockage or competition."
"[..]decreased exercise capacity can be an early effect of Mg deficiency."
"Boehmer [220], however, found that an hour's strenuous exercise sharply lowered serum Mg in a large group of well-trained athletes whose resting serum Mg values were normal."
"Treadmill running until exhaustion was shown by Deuster et al [222] to transiently decrease plasma Mg significantly, with over 85% of the loss caused by shift to rbc. There was significantly increased urinary Mg on exercise and of postexercise blood lactate and oxygen consumption during recovery versus a control period."
"[In athletes, supplemental] Mg accelerated glycogen synthesis or spared glycogen in muscle thereby sparing energy."
"Those undergoing active anabolism and/or subjected to stress have substantially higher Mg needs. Studies of diets of athletes have shown that such needs are commonly not met by their diets [222,236-242]."
@haidut - I think that you and your future Tranquilin are going to enjoy this one.
Last edited:
