Linoleic acid and covid

[bistecca]

>Upon the analysis of the molecular structure of the spike protein, the team has found something interesting. They revealed the presence of a small molecule, called linoleic acid (LA), which was discovered in a customized pocket within the spike protein.

Linoleic acid binds SARS-CoV-2 spike protein

Now, a team of researchers at the Max Planck-Bristol Center for Minimal Biology and Bristol's School of Biochemistry has identified a druggable pocket in the virus's spike protein that can be used to prevent the infection of cells. The study findings, published in the journal Science, are a...

www.news-medical.net

>It is clear that the two regioisomeric linoleic acid diols (DiHOMES) had highly elevated concentrations in these COVID-19 positive patients, as did their precursor epoxides (EpOMEs; Table 2).

>The high abundance of linoleate as a substrate, coupled with the increased biosynthesis of anti-inflammatory EpFA during severe coronavirus infections and the induction of sEH in an inflammatory state (Kodani and Hammock, 2015) may explain the increased rate of synthesis and concentration of leukotoxin diols observed in COVID-19 patients in our study. This finding raises the possibility that amelioration of COVID-19 symptoms may be achieved in part by reduction of omega-6-rich diet,

Frontiers | Plasma Linoleate Diols Are Potential Biomarkers for Severe COVID-19 Infections

Polyunsaturated fatty acids are metabolized into regulatory lipids important for initiating inflammatory responses in the event of disease or injury and for ...

www.frontiersin.org

wow who could have seen this coming..

 

[bistecca]

/pol/ - Politically Incorrect » Thread #250753835

4plebs archives 4chan boards /adv/, /f/, /hr/, /o/, /pol/, [s4s], /sp/, /tg/, /trv/, /tv/ and /x/

archive.4plebs.org

wonder who posted this back in 2020

 

[haidut]

>Upon the analysis of the molecular structure of the spike protein, the team has found something interesting. They revealed the presence of a small molecule, called linoleic acid (LA), which was discovered in a customized pocket within the spike protein.

Linoleic acid binds SARS-CoV-2 spike protein

Now, a team of researchers at the Max Planck-Bristol Center for Minimal Biology and Bristol's School of Biochemistry has identified a druggable pocket in the virus's spike protein that can be used to prevent the infection of cells. The study findings, published in the journal Science, are a...

www.news-medical.net

>It is clear that the two regioisomeric linoleic acid diols (DiHOMES) had highly elevated concentrations in these COVID-19 positive patients, as did their precursor epoxides (EpOMEs; Table 2).

>The high abundance of linoleate as a substrate, coupled with the increased biosynthesis of anti-inflammatory EpFA during severe coronavirus infections and the induction of sEH in an inflammatory state (Kodani and Hammock, 2015) may explain the increased rate of synthesis and concentration of leukotoxin diols observed in COVID-19 patients in our study. This finding raises the possibility that amelioration of COVID-19 symptoms may be achieved in part by reduction of omega-6-rich diet,

Frontiers | Plasma Linoleate Diols Are Potential Biomarkers for Severe COVID-19 Infections

Polyunsaturated fatty acids are metabolized into regulatory lipids important for initiating inflammatory responses in the event of disease or injury and for ...

www.frontiersin.org

wow who could have seen this coming..

This needs to be bumped daily for a few weeks so more lurkers can see it. Especially this part:
"...>The high abundance of linoleate as a substrate, coupled with the increased biosynthesis of anti-inflammatory EpFA during severe coronavirus infections and the induction of sEH in an inflammatory state (Kodani and Hammock, 2015) may explain the increased rate of synthesis and concentration of leukotoxin diols observed in COVID-19 patients in our study. This finding raises the possibility that amelioration of COVID-19 symptoms may be achieved in part by reduction of omega-6-rich diet,"
@Amazoniac @ecstatichamster @LeeLemonoil @Lollipop2 @Hugh Johnson @Peatful

 

[bistecca]

This needs to be bumped daily for a few weeks so more lurkers can see it.

High praise. Thank you. Glad to contribute.

 

[bistecca]

How Coronavirus Kills: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

How Coronavirus Kills: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Inflammation occurring by edema, causes a leakage into the tissue space so what happens here is that you get a viral infection, the virus affects the lungs and with a RDS entire lung becomes inflamed not in just one area like you...

raypeatforum.com

 

[Dolomite]

This may explain why obese people have worse symptoms when they get covid.

 

[Don]

I wonder if people trying to lose weight and burning up stored pufa would be at even more risk of covids ?
Maybe those that did not diet, avoiding pufa and continued smoking during the "pandemic" saved themselves.

 

[Bodrum]

I wonder if people trying to lose weight and burning up stored pufa would be at even more risk of covids ?
Maybe those that did not diet, avoiding pufa and continued smoking during the "pandemic" saved themselves.

?
Bump ( also)

 

[bistecca]

This may explain why obese people have worse symptoms when they get covid.

i think that's a reasonable assumption.

Glad to see these studies were featured in haiduts blog and the danny roddy podcast.

 

[bistecca]

perhaps another good one..

High plasma concentration of non-esterified polyunsaturated fatty acids is a specific feature of severe COVID-19 pneumonia
COVID-19 pneumonia has specific features and outcomes that suggests a unique immunopathogenesis. Severe forms of COVID-19 appear to be more frequent in obese patients, but an association with metabolic disorders is not established. Here, we focused on lipoprotein metabolism in patients hospitalized for severe pneumonia, depending on COVID-19 status. Thirty-four non-COVID-19 and 27 COVID-19 patients with severe pneumonia were enrolled. Most of them required intensive care. Plasma lipid levels, lipoprotein metabolism, and clinical and biological (including plasma cytokines) features were assessed. Despite similar initial metabolic comorbidities and respiratory severity, COVID-19 patients displayed a lower acute phase response but higher plasmatic concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs). NEFA profiling was characterised by higher level of polyunsaturated NEFAs (mainly linoleic and arachidonic acids) in COVID-19 patients. Multivariable analysis showed that among severe pneumonia, COVID-19-associated pneumonia was associated with higher NEFAs, lower apolipoprotein E and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, independently of body mass index, sequential organ failure (SOFA) score, and C-reactive protein levels. NEFAs and PUFAs concentrations were negatively correlated with the number of ventilator-free days. Among hospitalized patients with severe pneumonia, COVID-19 is independently associated with higher NEFAs (mainly linoleic and arachidonic acids) and lower apolipoprotein E and HDL concentrations. These features might act as mediators in COVID-19 pathogenesis and emerge as new therapeutic targets. Further investigations are required to define the role of NEFAs in the pathogenesis and the dysregulated immune response associated with COVID-19.

 

[bistecca]

Alteration in the Lipid Profile and the Desaturases Activity in Patients With Severe Pneumonia by SARS-CoV-2​

The kidnapping of the lipid metabolism of the host’s cells by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) allows the virus to transform the cells into optimal machines for its assembly and replication. Here we evaluated changes in the fatty acid (FA) profile and the participation of the activity of the desaturases, in plasma of patients with severe pneumonia by SARS-CoV-2. We found that SARS-CoV-2 alters the FA metabolism in the cells of the host. Changes are characterized by variations in the desaturases that lead to a decrease in total fatty acid (TFA), phospholipids (PL) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs). These alterations include a decrease in palmitic and stearic acids (p ≤ 0.009) which could be used for the formation of the viral membranes and for the reparation of the host’s own membrane. There is also an increase in oleic acid (OA; p = 0.001) which could modulate the inflammatory process, the cytokine release, apoptosis, necrosis, oxidative stress (OS). An increase in linoleic acid (LA) in TFA (p = 0.03) and a decreased in PL (p = 0.001) was also present. They result from damage of the internal mitochondrial membrane. The arachidonic acid (AA) percentage was elevated (p = 0.02) in the TFA and this can be participated in the inflammatory process. EPA was decreased (p = 0.001) and this may decrease of pro-resolving mediators with increase in the inflammatory process. The total of NEFAs (p = 0.03), PL (p = 0.001), cholesterol, HDL and LDL were decreased, and triglycerides were increased in plasma of the COVID-19 patients. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 alters the FA metabolism, the changes are characterized by alterations in the desaturases that lead to variations in the TFA, PL, and NEFAs profiles. These changes may favor the replication of the virus but, at the same time, they are part of the defense system provided by the host cell metabolism in its eagerness to repair damage caused by the virus to cell membranes.


The metabolic fingerprint of COVID-19 severity

..Linoleic acid (LA) and total Omega-6 FA
showed stronger and more consistent associations with COVID-19 severity than Omega-3 FA...
..Finally, we add to the literature relating COVID-19 severity to
fatty acid concentrations in the blood, and observe an association with linoleic acid that is in-
line with mechanistic evidence46...

High levels of eicosanoids and docosanoids in the lungs of intubated COVID- 19 patients
BALs from severe COVID- 19 patients were characterized by increased fatty acids and inflammatory lipid mediators. There was a predominance of thromboxane and prostaglandins. Leukotrienes were also increased, notably LTB4, LTE4, and eoxin E4. Monohydroxylated 15- lipoxygenase metabolites derived from linoleate, arachi-donate, eicosapentaenoate, and docosahexaenoate were also increased. Finally yet importantly, specialized pro- resolving mediators, notably lipoxin A4 and the D- series resolvins, were also increased, underscoring that the lipid mediator storm occurring in severe COVID- 19 involves pro- and anti- inflammatory lipids.

 

[bistecca]

Large-Scale Plasma Analysis Revealed New Mechanisms and Molecules Associated with the Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 ​

The present study used a comprehensive untargeted metabolomic and lipidomic approach to capture the host response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found that several circulating lipids acted as potential biomarkers, such as phosphatidylcholine 14:0_22:6 (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.96), phosphatidylcholine 16:1_22:6 (AUC = 0.97), and phosphatidylethanolamine 18:1_20:4 (AUC = 0.94). Furthermore, triglycerides and free fatty acids, especially arachidonic acid (AUC = 0.99) and oleic acid (AUC = 0.98), were well correlated to the severity of the disease. An untargeted analysis of non-critical COVID-19 patients identified a strong alteration of lipids and a perturbation of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA degradation, arachidonic acid metabolism, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.

 

[bistecca]

This is another interesting one - if you see through the distortion..

The following study ..

Omega-3 Index and Clinical Outcomes of Severe COVID-19: Preliminary Results of a Cross-Sectional Study ​

was referenced in this study

The effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the severity and mortality of COVID patients: A systematic review

with a summary as follows..

"The results of an ecological study showed that omega-3 PUFA intake through food sources varies with the mortality rate in Covid-19 patients in different regions; so that the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean region which have the lowest omega-3 PUFA intake from marine sources (45.14 mg/day) have the highest mortality in patients with Covid-19 (3.52%). While in Southeast Asian countries with the highest omega-3 PUFA intake (634.00 mg/day), the mortality in Covid-19 patients (1.01%) was the lowest in the world. Also, a positive correlation was observed between receiving omega-3 PUFA from plants and mortality rate (r = 165) (p > 0.05)"

In other words, seafood is protective and omega 3's are just coincident to ingesting seafood and the other beneficial attributes.. as evidenced by the fact that plant o3's increase mortality.

 

[bistecca]

Mortality From Coronavirus Disease 2019 Correlates With Dietary Unsaturated Fat Intake; Saturated Fat Is Protective​

Because adipose triglyceride composition corresponds to dietary fat composition, we compared dietary fat patterns to other risk factors for COVID-19 mortality from countries with >1000 COVID-19 cases reported between March 25, 2020, and April 8, 2020 (61 countries; 1,476,418 patients).

We first did a univariate analysis using the linear mixed model, accounting for daily reported percent mortality vs dietary and other factors (Figure 1E). Because of skewness, log-transformed mortality was used in the model. Only saturated fat intake (kg/capita/y) was negatively associated (P = .05), and percent UFA intake was positively associated (P < .001) with mortality (Figure 1F and G). The rate ratio indicates the relative change in mortality for each parameter; for example, a rate ratio of 0.97 for saturated fat intake indicates that for a 1-unit increase in saturated fat, there is a 3% reduction in mortality: (1 – 0.97) × 100% = 3%. Multivariate analysis showed only percent UFA as significantly associated with mortality (P < .0001).

 

[bistecca]

bump

 

[bistecca]

another study that ties environment to covid.

Evidence for a connection between coronavirus disease-19 and exposure to radiofrequency radiation from wireless communications including 5G​

 

[bistecca]

bump