LeeLemonoil
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There are a bunch of interesting studies on "Green odor" effects on dopamine content and release in the striatum of living rats - and also striatum sclices in the test-tube. The papers are mostly from 2008-2011 and from the same japanese authors barring one paper.
Green odor consists of 4 alcohols and fou aldehydes:
n-hexanol, (E)-2-hexenol, (Z)-3-hexenol, and (E)-3-hexenol, and four aldehydes, n-hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenal, and (E)-3-hexenal ---- (z)=cis, (E)=trans
At least cis-3-hexenol (leaf alcohol) is a widely available and cheap substance used mostly in perfumery - and might be effective in inducing dopamine release spikes maybe by just inhaling a certain conentration-aerosol.
It is though not quite clear to me if this effect wold be beneficial in the long run even if used occasionally becuase I don't fully understand the mechanisms involved. The papers eludicate them in depth so maybe some of you can help interprete the effects and mechanism.
Effects of direct exposure of green odour components on dopamine release from rat brain striatal slices and PC12 cells. (2008)
Kako H1, Fukumoto S, Kobayashi Y, Yokogoshi H.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18355650#
Abstract
The effects of odour components on dopamine release from rat brain striatal slices and rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells were examined. The striatal slices were directly stimulated with 0.5% odour-including Krebs buffer using a superfusion method. In this experiment, (Z)-3-hexenol, (E)-2-hexenal, n-hexanal, 1,8-cineole or Eucalyptus globulus essential oil was used as an odour component. The concentrations of monoamines released in perfusate were measured by HPLC-ECD. Dopamine release from brain slices was significantly enhanced by perfusion of each odour-including solution. In particular, administration of n-hexanal caused a 9-fold increase in dopamine release. The dopamine release by n-hexanal increased linearly with the concentration of n-hexanal up to 0.5% and was maximal at 0.5%. Since PC12 cells have the ability to release dopamine, the effects of four green odour compounds, (Z)-3-hexenol, (E)-2-hexenal, n-hexanal and n-hexanol, on dopamine release were examined. These odour compounds dose dependently increased dopamine release from PC12 cells, and different patterns of dopamine release were observed with aldehyde or alcohol. Odour compounds thus appear to increase dopamine release from dopamine-releasing cells, with differences between aldehydes and alcohols in pattern of release. Dopamine regulates brain functions such as reward, mood, and attention. Green odours may in turn regulate such brain functions through the stimulation of dopamine release.
So here both alcohols and aldehydes induce release of dopa in dose-dependent manner in both striatal sclices and PC-12 cells, with differences between aldehydes and alcohols.
This paper follows up, which describes some of the mechanisms involved:
Contribution of intracellular Ca2+ concentration and protein dephosphorylation to the induction of dopamine release from PC12 cells by the green odor compound hexanal.
n-Hexanal (hexanal), a straight-chain six-carbon aldehyde, is mainly present in plants. Hexanal strongly affects the release of dopamine from rat striatal slices and rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. In this study, we attempted to clarify the mechanism underlying the regulation of dopamine release by hexanal by using PC12 cells, which have the ability to synthesize, store, and release dopamine. The stimulation of PC12 cells with hexanal enhanced dopamine release in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Dopamine release was partially inhibited by pretreatment of the cells with BAPTA-AM, a cell-permeable Ca2+ chelator. In addition, the intracellular Ca2+ concentration was found to slowly increase after hexanal stimulation. Furthermore, the Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor PP2 partially inhibited hexanal-induced dopamine release. However, the levels of phosphorylated proteins decreased after hexanal stimulation. Hexanal stimulated the release of only a small amount of dopamine from reserpine-treated PC12 cells, in which the vesicular dopamine was depleted. These findings suggest that both an increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration and the dephosphorylation of phosphorylated proteins might be required for hexanal-stimulated release of dopamine, and that the dopamine released because of hexanal stimulation mainly comes from the dopamine vesicles. This study showed the cellular events that occurred in PC12 cells after stimulation of hexanal. Furthermore, it is important to examine the relationship between the cellular functions and the physiological effects of hexanal on dopamine release.
So intracellular Ca+ increase is involved in dopamine-release form PC12 cells. The red part then describes some moe celluar happenings but I don't know if those are "benign".
Would dephosphorylation of phosphorylated proteins lead to a sort of Dopamine-exhausting/kind of burn out. It seems this is an alternation of the cell with potentially longer lasting effects.
.
Green odor consists of 4 alcohols and fou aldehydes:
n-hexanol, (E)-2-hexenol, (Z)-3-hexenol, and (E)-3-hexenol, and four aldehydes, n-hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenal, and (E)-3-hexenal ---- (z)=cis, (E)=trans
At least cis-3-hexenol (leaf alcohol) is a widely available and cheap substance used mostly in perfumery - and might be effective in inducing dopamine release spikes maybe by just inhaling a certain conentration-aerosol.
It is though not quite clear to me if this effect wold be beneficial in the long run even if used occasionally becuase I don't fully understand the mechanisms involved. The papers eludicate them in depth so maybe some of you can help interprete the effects and mechanism.
Effects of direct exposure of green odour components on dopamine release from rat brain striatal slices and PC12 cells. (2008)
Kako H1, Fukumoto S, Kobayashi Y, Yokogoshi H.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18355650#
Abstract
The effects of odour components on dopamine release from rat brain striatal slices and rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells were examined. The striatal slices were directly stimulated with 0.5% odour-including Krebs buffer using a superfusion method. In this experiment, (Z)-3-hexenol, (E)-2-hexenal, n-hexanal, 1,8-cineole or Eucalyptus globulus essential oil was used as an odour component. The concentrations of monoamines released in perfusate were measured by HPLC-ECD. Dopamine release from brain slices was significantly enhanced by perfusion of each odour-including solution. In particular, administration of n-hexanal caused a 9-fold increase in dopamine release. The dopamine release by n-hexanal increased linearly with the concentration of n-hexanal up to 0.5% and was maximal at 0.5%. Since PC12 cells have the ability to release dopamine, the effects of four green odour compounds, (Z)-3-hexenol, (E)-2-hexenal, n-hexanal and n-hexanol, on dopamine release were examined. These odour compounds dose dependently increased dopamine release from PC12 cells, and different patterns of dopamine release were observed with aldehyde or alcohol. Odour compounds thus appear to increase dopamine release from dopamine-releasing cells, with differences between aldehydes and alcohols in pattern of release. Dopamine regulates brain functions such as reward, mood, and attention. Green odours may in turn regulate such brain functions through the stimulation of dopamine release.
So here both alcohols and aldehydes induce release of dopa in dose-dependent manner in both striatal sclices and PC-12 cells, with differences between aldehydes and alcohols.
This paper follows up, which describes some of the mechanisms involved:
Contribution of intracellular Ca2+ concentration and protein dephosphorylation to the induction of dopamine release from PC12 cells by the green odor compound hexanal.
n-Hexanal (hexanal), a straight-chain six-carbon aldehyde, is mainly present in plants. Hexanal strongly affects the release of dopamine from rat striatal slices and rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. In this study, we attempted to clarify the mechanism underlying the regulation of dopamine release by hexanal by using PC12 cells, which have the ability to synthesize, store, and release dopamine. The stimulation of PC12 cells with hexanal enhanced dopamine release in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Dopamine release was partially inhibited by pretreatment of the cells with BAPTA-AM, a cell-permeable Ca2+ chelator. In addition, the intracellular Ca2+ concentration was found to slowly increase after hexanal stimulation. Furthermore, the Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor PP2 partially inhibited hexanal-induced dopamine release. However, the levels of phosphorylated proteins decreased after hexanal stimulation. Hexanal stimulated the release of only a small amount of dopamine from reserpine-treated PC12 cells, in which the vesicular dopamine was depleted. These findings suggest that both an increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration and the dephosphorylation of phosphorylated proteins might be required for hexanal-stimulated release of dopamine, and that the dopamine released because of hexanal stimulation mainly comes from the dopamine vesicles. This study showed the cellular events that occurred in PC12 cells after stimulation of hexanal. Furthermore, it is important to examine the relationship between the cellular functions and the physiological effects of hexanal on dopamine release.
So intracellular Ca+ increase is involved in dopamine-release form PC12 cells. The red part then describes some moe celluar happenings but I don't know if those are "benign".
Would dephosphorylation of phosphorylated proteins lead to a sort of Dopamine-exhausting/kind of burn out. It seems this is an alternation of the cell with potentially longer lasting effects.
.