Rave re-peat
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- Jan 29, 2021
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I don't know any other natural compound having such positive and anti serotonergic effect as ginger considering the following.
So previous studies posted here has shown ginger to antiemetic antagonising 5ht3 receptors in the gut. This study further show the gut brain connection and its relation to serotonin.
Gingerol, the active component of ginger dose dependantly increased serotonin clearance by increasing serotonin transport and increasing its breakdown through monoamine oxidase A. On top of that it also reduced the limiting step of its synthesis by lowering tryptophan hydroxylase both 1 & 2 resulting in significant reduction of serotonin in the gut and the brain stem.
The study used a chemotherapy drug to induce high serotonin. As this drug is seen as effective in cancer treatment but so serotonergic and toxic that its use is limited.
www.dovepress.com
[6]-Gingerol Ameliorates Cisplatin-Induced Pica by Regulating the TPH/MAO-A/SERT/5-HT/5-HT3 Receptor System in Rats.
Purpose: [6]-gingerol is a bioactive compound extracted from ginger, a traditional anti-emetic herb in Chinese medicine. Previous studies have demonstrated that [6]-gingerol can ameliorate chemotherapy-induced pica in rats, although the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated. This study is designed to investigate [6]-gingerol’s antiemetic mechanism focusing on the 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5-HT) system by evaluating the synthesis, metabolism and reuptake of 5-HT, as well as the mechanism of 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor (5-HT3 receptor), in a cisplatin-induced pica model of rats.
RNA Expression of TPH, MAO-A, SERT, and 5-HT3 Receptor in Ileum and Medulla Oblongata
The reduction in 5-HT levels by [6]-gingerol against cisplatin-induced emesis in rats might be due to the regulation of 5-HT synthesis, metabolism, and/or reuptake, as well as 5-HT3A receptor activity. In order to assess these metrics, the RNA expression of TPH, MAO-A, SERT, and 5-HT3 receptor were measured. After cisplatin administration, TPH-1 and TPH-2 expression increased significantly in ileum and medulla oblongata, respectively, compared to the control group (P<0.05, Figures 6B and 7B). [6]-gingerol significantly downregulated TPH-1 and TPH-2 expression after cisplatin treatment as compared to the cisplatin control (P<0.05). 5-HT3 receptor mRNA expression was increased in medulla oblongata and ileum (P<0.05). Combined treatment with [6]-gingerol reduced 5-HT3 receptor expression in medulla oblongata and ileum (P<0.05, Figures 6A and 7A). However, cisplatin administration significantly reduced MAO-A mRNA content in ileum and medulla oblongata compared to the control group (Figures 6C and 7C, P<0.05), while the addition of [6]-gingerol significantly increased MAO-A mRNA in ileum when compared to the cisplatin model group (P<0.05). SERT expression in ileum was significantly reduced by cisplatin treatment (P<0.05). Combined treatment with [6]-gingerol increased ileum SERT expression (P<0.05, Figures 6D and 7D).
Protein Expression of TPH, MAO-A, and 5-HT3 Receptor in Ileum and Medulla Oblongata
After the RNA expression of TPH, MAO-A, SERT, and 5-HT3 receptor had been assessed, protein expression was measured. Protein samples from the treatment groups were analyzed for protein content (Figures 8A and 9A). After cisplatin treatment, TPH-1 levels in ileum and TPH-2 levels in medulla oblongata were significantly increased compared to the blank group (P<0.05, Figures 8C and 9C), while the addition of [6]-gingerol significantly reduced the noted increases in TPH-1 and TPH-2 levels (P<0.01, P<0.05). Ileum and medulla oblongata MAO-A were significantly reduced in the cisplatin group compared to the blank group (P<0.01, Figure 8D and P<0.05, Figure 9D), whereas ondansetron and high dosage of [6]-gingerol significantly increased the expression levels of MAO-A in medulla oblongata (P<0.05, Figure 9D). The protein expression of 5-HT3 receptor in medulla oblongata and ileum increased significantly with cisplatin administration (P<0.05), and this effect was reduced in groups treated with ondansetron and high dosage of [6]-gingerol (P<0.05, Figure 8B and P<0.05, Figure 9B).
TPH, MAO-A, and 5-HT3 Receptor Immunostaining Expression in Ileum and Medulla Oblongata
5-HT3 receptor, TPH, and MAO-A staining intensities (red-brown deposits indicate positive staining) were mainly present in the mucosa and submucosa of ileum, as well as in the neurons of medulla oblongata. As previously noted, cisplatin had significant impacts on 5-HT3 receptor, TPH, and MAO-A protein levels in both medulla oblongata and ileum, which was reversed by combined treatment with [6]-gingerol (Figures 10 and 11). Importantly, the observed effect of [6]-gingerol on 5-HT3 receptor, TPH, and MAO-A protein levels was in a dose-dependent manner.
Ondansetron and other antiemetic 5ht3 antagonist most likely have this effect aswell. Since the majority of serotonin made in the body is made in the gut and the guts connection to spinal cord and brain stem it seems logical that potent anti 5ht3 antagonists have an overall strong anti serotonergic effect. 5ht3 agonist side effects include nausea, anxiety and depression. So ginger can treat all of that.
On top of that ginger increases dopamine and testosterone synthesis.
As seen in the picture of the medulla oblongata and the brain stem below that it has a direct connection to the thalamus and pituitary gland.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
So previous studies posted here has shown ginger to antiemetic antagonising 5ht3 receptors in the gut. This study further show the gut brain connection and its relation to serotonin.
Gingerol, the active component of ginger dose dependantly increased serotonin clearance by increasing serotonin transport and increasing its breakdown through monoamine oxidase A. On top of that it also reduced the limiting step of its synthesis by lowering tryptophan hydroxylase both 1 & 2 resulting in significant reduction of serotonin in the gut and the brain stem.
The study used a chemotherapy drug to induce high serotonin. As this drug is seen as effective in cancer treatment but so serotonergic and toxic that its use is limited.
[6]-Gingerol Ameliorates Cisplatin-Induced Pica by Regulating the TPH/ | DDDT
[6]-Gingerol Ameliorates Cisplatin-Induced Pica by Regulating the TPH/MAO-A/SERT/5-HT/5-HT3 Receptor System in Rats
[6]-Gingerol Ameliorates Cisplatin-Induced Pica by Regulating the TPH/MAO-A/SERT/5-HT/5-HT3 Receptor System in Rats.
Purpose: [6]-gingerol is a bioactive compound extracted from ginger, a traditional anti-emetic herb in Chinese medicine. Previous studies have demonstrated that [6]-gingerol can ameliorate chemotherapy-induced pica in rats, although the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated. This study is designed to investigate [6]-gingerol’s antiemetic mechanism focusing on the 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5-HT) system by evaluating the synthesis, metabolism and reuptake of 5-HT, as well as the mechanism of 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor (5-HT3 receptor), in a cisplatin-induced pica model of rats.
RNA Expression of TPH, MAO-A, SERT, and 5-HT3 Receptor in Ileum and Medulla Oblongata
The reduction in 5-HT levels by [6]-gingerol against cisplatin-induced emesis in rats might be due to the regulation of 5-HT synthesis, metabolism, and/or reuptake, as well as 5-HT3A receptor activity. In order to assess these metrics, the RNA expression of TPH, MAO-A, SERT, and 5-HT3 receptor were measured. After cisplatin administration, TPH-1 and TPH-2 expression increased significantly in ileum and medulla oblongata, respectively, compared to the control group (P<0.05, Figures 6B and 7B). [6]-gingerol significantly downregulated TPH-1 and TPH-2 expression after cisplatin treatment as compared to the cisplatin control (P<0.05). 5-HT3 receptor mRNA expression was increased in medulla oblongata and ileum (P<0.05). Combined treatment with [6]-gingerol reduced 5-HT3 receptor expression in medulla oblongata and ileum (P<0.05, Figures 6A and 7A). However, cisplatin administration significantly reduced MAO-A mRNA content in ileum and medulla oblongata compared to the control group (Figures 6C and 7C, P<0.05), while the addition of [6]-gingerol significantly increased MAO-A mRNA in ileum when compared to the cisplatin model group (P<0.05). SERT expression in ileum was significantly reduced by cisplatin treatment (P<0.05). Combined treatment with [6]-gingerol increased ileum SERT expression (P<0.05, Figures 6D and 7D).
Protein Expression of TPH, MAO-A, and 5-HT3 Receptor in Ileum and Medulla Oblongata
After the RNA expression of TPH, MAO-A, SERT, and 5-HT3 receptor had been assessed, protein expression was measured. Protein samples from the treatment groups were analyzed for protein content (Figures 8A and 9A). After cisplatin treatment, TPH-1 levels in ileum and TPH-2 levels in medulla oblongata were significantly increased compared to the blank group (P<0.05, Figures 8C and 9C), while the addition of [6]-gingerol significantly reduced the noted increases in TPH-1 and TPH-2 levels (P<0.01, P<0.05). Ileum and medulla oblongata MAO-A were significantly reduced in the cisplatin group compared to the blank group (P<0.01, Figure 8D and P<0.05, Figure 9D), whereas ondansetron and high dosage of [6]-gingerol significantly increased the expression levels of MAO-A in medulla oblongata (P<0.05, Figure 9D). The protein expression of 5-HT3 receptor in medulla oblongata and ileum increased significantly with cisplatin administration (P<0.05), and this effect was reduced in groups treated with ondansetron and high dosage of [6]-gingerol (P<0.05, Figure 8B and P<0.05, Figure 9B).
TPH, MAO-A, and 5-HT3 Receptor Immunostaining Expression in Ileum and Medulla Oblongata
5-HT3 receptor, TPH, and MAO-A staining intensities (red-brown deposits indicate positive staining) were mainly present in the mucosa and submucosa of ileum, as well as in the neurons of medulla oblongata. As previously noted, cisplatin had significant impacts on 5-HT3 receptor, TPH, and MAO-A protein levels in both medulla oblongata and ileum, which was reversed by combined treatment with [6]-gingerol (Figures 10 and 11). Importantly, the observed effect of [6]-gingerol on 5-HT3 receptor, TPH, and MAO-A protein levels was in a dose-dependent manner.
Ondansetron and other antiemetic 5ht3 antagonist most likely have this effect aswell. Since the majority of serotonin made in the body is made in the gut and the guts connection to spinal cord and brain stem it seems logical that potent anti 5ht3 antagonists have an overall strong anti serotonergic effect. 5ht3 agonist side effects include nausea, anxiety and depression. So ginger can treat all of that.
On top of that ginger increases dopamine and testosterone synthesis.
As seen in the picture of the medulla oblongata and the brain stem below that it has a direct connection to the thalamus and pituitary gland.
6-Gingerol-rich fraction from Zingiber officinale ameliorates carbendazim-induced endocrine disruption and toxicity in testes and epididymis of rats - PubMed
This study evaluated the protective effects of 6-gingerol-rich fraction (6-GRF) from Zingiber officinale on carbendazim (CBZ)-induced reproductive toxicity in rats. Adult male rats were treated with either CBZ (50 mg/kg) alone or in combination with 6-GRF (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) for 14...
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
6-Gingerol-rich fraction from Zingiber officinale ameliorates carbendazim-induced endocrine disruption and toxicity in testes and epididymis of rats
Moreover, CBZ administration alone significantly decreased plasma levels of testosterone, thyrotropin, triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine, whereas follicle-stimulating hormone was significantly elevated without affecting luteinising hormone and prolactin levels when compared with the control. Conversely, 6-GRF ameliorated the disruption in the hormonal levels and restored their levels to near normalcy in CBZ-treated rats. Collectively, 6-GRF inhibited the adverse effects of CBZ on the antioxidant defence systems, hormonal balance and histology of the testes and epididymis in rats.
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