Effect Of Ginger On OxPhos, Mitochondrial Complexes, And ATP Production In Rats And Cells

zarrin77

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Promotion of Mitochondrial Biogenesis via Activation of AMPK‐PGC1ɑ Signaling Pathway by Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Extract, and Its Major Active Component 6‐Gingerol


Abstract

Several studies indicated that ginger (
Zingiber officinale
Roscoe) enhances thermogenesis and/or energy expenditure with which to interpret the beneficial effects of ginger on metabolic disorders. It is well known that mitochondrial activity plays an essential role in these processes. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of ginger extract (GE) and its major components, 6‐gingerol and 6‐shogaol, on mitochondrial biogenesis and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Our results showed that GE at dose of 2 g/kg promoted oxygen consumption and intrascapular temperature in mice. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number in muscle and liver increased. Expression levels of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) related proteins and AMP‐activated protein kinase ɑ/proliferator‐activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 ɑ (AMPK/PGC1ɑ) signaling related proteins in the muscle, liver, and brown adipose tissue (BAT) increased as well. In HepG2 cells, GE at concentration of 2.5 and 5 mg/mL increased mitochondrial mass and mtDNA copy number. GE promoted ATP production, the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I and IV, and expression levels of OXPHOS complex related proteins and AMPK/PGC1ɑ signaling related proteins. The antagonist of AMPK eliminated partly the effect of GE on mitochondrial biogenesis. 6‐Gingerol increased mitochondrial mass, mtDNA copy number and ATP production, and the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes in HepG2 cells as well. However, both 6‐gingerol at high concentration of 200 µM and 6‐shogaol at 10 to 200 µM inhibited cell viability. In conclusion, GE promoted mitochondrial biogenesis and improved mitochondrial functions via activation of AMPK‐PGC1ɑ signaling pathway, and 6‐gingerol other than 6‐shogaol, may be the main active component


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Inaut

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That's alot of ginger extract....

Probably one of my favourite herbs/spices dough
 

Kingpinguin

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Nice find. I’ve been a long time advocate for ginger. There’s so much research for it. And above all its one herb that I can honestly feel its effect after ingesting it. I tend to take it like a medication every now and then. Buy big chunk of organic ginger then take large pebble sized pieces of it chew it down raw with water. Its amazing for the gut. It obliterates migraine headaches for me. Which theres tons of research on where its more effective than the first line of migraine medications. Its an serotonin antagonist specially in the gut where most serotonin is made so I think it has an over all serotonin lowering effect. On top of that it boost dopamine and also increases Testosterone and LH. Pretty sure it’s one of the best spices/roots/herbs out there for general health and well being. If not the best IMO
Another great way ingesting some is by grating it down into your carrot salad if your into those salads.
 

Inaut

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Great suggestion regarding grated ginger in carrot salad Kingpin :)
 

Inaut

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I stole this from a ginger extract product review some time ago. Feel like it’s a good time to share.

“Ginger has many benefits for those with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes.

The following is a list of clinical trials, most double-blinded and placebo-controlled, recorded at the National Medical Library, MEDLINE, as abstracted by GreenMedInfo for ginger:


1. Ginger has a beneficial effect on type 2 diabetics.

2. Three months supplementation of ginger improved glycemic indices, TAC and PON-1 activity in patients with type 2 diabetes.

3. Daily administration of 1,000 mg ginger reduces serum triglyceride concentration, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in peritoneal dialysis patients.

4. Ginger and cinnamon intake have positive effects on inflammation and muscle soreness induced by exercise in Iranian female athletes.

5. Ginger consumption enhances the thermic effect of food and promotes feelings of satiety without affecting metabolic and hormonal parameters in overweight men.

6. Ginger has a significant lipid lowering effect compared to placebo.

7. Ginger is a potential cognitive enhancer for middle-aged women.

8. Ginger is an aldose reductase inhibitor which may have contributed to the protection against diabetic complications.

9. Ginger root reduces vertigo in human subjects.

10. Ginger stimulates gastric emptying in patients with functional dyspepsia.

11. Ginger supplementation is an effective treatment for type 2 diabetes.

12. Ginger supplementation may be used to accelerate recovery of muscle strength following intense exercise.

13. The effect of ginger powder supplementation on insulin resistance and glycemic indices in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

14. The herbal remedies examined [Cardamom, Cinnamon), Ginger, Saffron] had significantly beneficial effects on cholesterol in T2D patients.

6-gingerol may be useful in the prevention and treatment of alzheimer's disease.

15. Ameliorative Potentials of Ginger (Z. officinale Roscoe) on Relative Organ Weights in Streptozotocin induced Diabetic Rats.

16. Anti-diabetic activity of Zingiber officinale in streptozotocin-induced type I diabetic rats.

17. Dietary garlic and especially ginger have anti-diabetic effects.

18. Dietary ginger and other spice compounds enhance fat digestion and absorption in high-fat fed situation through enhanced secretion of bile salts and a stimulation of the activity pancreatic lipase.

19. Dietary ginger has hypoglycaemic effect, enhances insulin synthesis in male rats and has high antioxidant activity.

20. Dietary spices have a beneficial effect on intestinal villi by increasing the absorptive surface of the small intestine, providing for an 21. increased bioavailability of micronutrients.

21. Ginger has a beneficial effect on fructose induced hyperlipidemia and hyperinsulinemia in rats.

22. Ginger has a beneficial effect on insulin resistance associated with fructose consumption.

23. Ginger has a neuroprotective effect in diabetic rats.

24. Ginger has a protective effect against dyslipidemia in diabetic rats

25. Ginger has a protective effect against kidney damage associated with diabetes.

26. Ginger has a protective effect against the development of metabolic syndrome in high-fat diet-fed rats.

27. Ginger has anti-diabetic and lipid lowering properties in an animal model of type 1 diabetes.

28. Ginger has anti-obesogenic properties.

29. Ginger root extract has a neuroprotective effect against monosodium glutamate-induced toxicity in male rats.

30. Protective effects of ginger root extract on Alzheimer disease-induced behavioral dysfunction in rats.

31. Ginger extract prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity and improved exercise endurance capacity in mice via activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorδ pathway.

32. Treatment with ginger ameliorates fructose-induced Fatty liver and hypertriglyceridemia in rats.

33. Alzheimer's disease drug discovery from herbs [Chinese Skullcap, Ginger, Ginkgo biloba]: neuroprotective from beta-amyloid (1-42) insult.

34. Ginger extracts, including the water extract possess the antioxidant activities to inhibit human LDL oxidation in vitro.

35. Ginger has broad anti-inflammatory actions.

36. Ginger has potential efficacy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

37. Ginger may have a preventive and therapeutic effect in diabetes and its complications.

38. Collectively these RCTs [Randomized Controlled Trials] provide suggestive evidence for the effectiveness of 750-2000 mg ginger powder 39. during the first 3-4 days of menstrual cycle for primary dysmenorrhea.

40. Zingiberaceae extracts are clinically effective hypoalgesic agents and the available data show a better safety profile than non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs.

41. A statistically significant change from baseline for health related quality of life was detected after ginger essential oil inhalation.

42. Aroma-massage therapy with ginger and orange oil have potential as an alternative method for short-term knee pain relief.

43. Aromatherapy is promising as an inexpensive, noninvasive treatment for postoperative nausea that can be administered and controlled by 44. patients as needed.

45. Comparable efficacy of standardized Ayurvedic formulation [ginger] and hydroxychloroquine sulfate in the treatment of rheumatoid 46. arthritis.

46. Effect of treatment with ginger on the severity of premenstrual syndrome symptoms.

47. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) reduces acute chemotherapy-induced nausea.

48. Ginger and artichoke leaf extracts appears efficacious in the treatment of functional dyspepsia and could represent a promising and safe treatment strategy for this frequent disease.

49. Ginger and Vitamin B6 are both effective in treating nausea and vomiting in pregnancy.

50. Ginger compares favorably to the drug sumatriptan for migraine headaches, but with lower side effects.

51. Ginger has a therapeutic effect on motion sickness.

52. Ginger reduces symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee.

53. Ginger is an effective supplement for heavy menstrual bleeding.

54. Ginger is as effective as mefenamic acid and ibuprofen in relieving pain in women with primary dysmenorrhea.

55. Ginger reduces chemotherapy-induced nausea.

56. Ginger reduces the tendency to vomiting and cold sweating due to seasickness significantly better than placebo.

57. Ginger root powder is effective in reducing severity of acute and delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting as additional therapy to ondansetron and dexamethasone in patients receiving chemotherapy.

58. Ginger syrup may be effective as an antiemetic in early pregnancy.

59. Ginger-salt moxibustion is therapeutic for poststroke urinary disorders.

60. Lavender and ginger oil reduce distress levels in children before undergoing anesthesia.

61. Nausea severity and the number of vomiting episodes were significantly lower in the Ginger intervention group than in the control group.

62. Protein and ginger may have therapeutic value in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced delayed nausea.

63. Treatment of primary dysmenorrhea in students with ginger for 5 days had a statistically significant effect on relieving intensity and 64. duration of pain.

64. Six-gingerol a component of ginger is extensively metabolized in H1299 human lung cancer cells.

65. Fresh ginger (Zingiber officinale) has anti-viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines.

66. Zerumbone[, a Southeast Asian Ginger Sesquiterpene,] was able to induce apoptosis of pancreatic carcinoma cell lines.

67. "6-Gingerol isolated from ginger attenuates sodium arsenite induced oxidative stress and plays a corrective role in improving insulin signaling in mice."

68. "Ginger extract (Zingiber officinale) has anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects on ethionine-induced hepatoma rats."

69. "Ginger ingredients inhibit the development of diethylnitrosamine induced premalignant phenotype in rat chemical hepatocarcinogenesis model."

70. Six-Shogaol, a compound found within ginger, exerts a strong anti-inflammatory activity against urate crystal-induced inflammation in mice.

71. A compound in ginger known as 6-Gingerol prevents cisplatin-induced acute renal failure in rats.

72. Both in vivo and in vitro results confirm the efficacy of black pepper, ginger and thyme extracts extracts as natural antimicrobials and suggests the possibility of using them in treatment procedures.

73. Combined ginger and cinnamon have significant beneficial effects on the sperm viability, motility, and serum total testosterone, LH,FSH and serum antioxidants level.

74. Dietary ginger has a protective effect on lindane-induced oxidative stress in rats.

75. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) prevents ethionine induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis.

76. Ginger and arabic gum may have therapeutic value in acute and chronic kidney failure.

77. Ginger and cinnamon extracts had potential therapeutic effects on G. lamblia infection in albino rats as a promising alternative therapy to the commonly used antigiardial drugs.

78. Ginger and constituent 6-gingerol could be used the prevention or alleviation of allergic rhinitis symptoms.

79. Ginger and zinc mixture protected against malathion induced toxicity to the liver and kidney.

80. Ginger contains compounds with significant joint-protective effects in experimental rheumatoid arthritis.

81. Ginger contains the compound zerumbone, which inhibits colon and lung carcinogenesis in mice.

82. Ginger exhibits behavioral radioprotection against radiation-induced taste aversion.

83. Ginger extract ameliorates paraben induced biochemical changes in liver and kidney of mice.

84. Ginger extract inhibited cell proliferation and subsequently induced the automatic death of pancreatic cancer Panc-1 cells.

85. Ginger extract is superior to the NSAID drug indomethacin in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis.

86. Ginger extract markedly decreases Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) in a mouse model of uremia.

87. Ginger extract modulates the expression of the IL-27 and IL-33 in the spinal cord of EAE mice and ameliorates the clinical symptoms of disease.

88. Ginger extracts can be considered as an effective, economical and safe extract to circumvent phosphamidon induced hepatotoxicity.

89. Ginger has a gastroprotective effect through its acid blocking and anti-Helicobacter pylori activity.

90. Ginger has anti-schistosomal activity effect against Schistosoma mansoni harbored in mice.

91. Ginger has significant anti-breast cancer properties.

92. Ginger inhibits microglial cell activation associated with brain inflammation.

93. Ginger lowers blood pressure through blockade of voltage-dependent calcium channels.

94. Ginger mitigates damage and improves memory impairment in focal cerebral ischemia.

95. Ginger protects against acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury by enhancing liver antioxidant status.

96. Ginger protects against bromobenzene-induced liver toxicity in male rats.

97. Ginger protects against dichlorvos and lindane induced oxidative stress in rat brain.

98. Ginger protects against doxorubicin-induced acute kidney injury.

99. Ginger protects against liver fibrosis.

100. Ginger protects against prostate cancer.

101. Ginger protects against reproductive toxicity of aluminium chloride in rats.

102. Ginger protects mice against radiation-induced lethality.

103. The traditional Japanese herbal formula Saiko-Keishi-To controls pain in trigeminal neuralgia in rats.

104. Turmeric and ginger essential oils could reduce the gastric ulcers in rat stomachs.

105. Various extracts of ginger inhibit Cytomegalovirus, HSV-1, and HIV virus.

106. Whole ginger extract reduces prostate tumor size by 56% in mice.

107. Zingiber officinale (Ginger) alone and in combination with vitamin E partially ameliorated cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.

108. Six-Gingerol, a compound found within ginger, inhibits inflammation.

109. Six-paradol effectively protects brain after cerebral ischemia, likely by attenuating neuroinflammation in microglia.

110. A compound found within ginger inhibits melanoma cells.

111. A compound from ginger, 6-gingerol, may be an effective agent in the treatment of skin cancer.

112. A water extract of ginger ameliorates paraben induced cytotoxicity.

113. Andrographis, Tinospora and especially Zingiber officinale (ginger) have anti-parasitic activity against canine dirofilariasis (heartworm).

114. Antibacterial effect of Allium sativum cloves and Zingiber officinale rhizomes against multiple-drug resistant clinical pathogens.

115. Aqueous extracts of onion, garlic and ginger inhibit platelet aggregation and may be useful as natural antithrombotic agents.

116. Bay leaf, Black Pepper, Coriander, Cumin, Garlic, Ginger, Mustard Oil, Onions, Turmeric combination might be used as a potential source of safe and effective natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agent.

117. Curcuma rhizome, a main representant of Zingiberaceae family may be a promising natural source for active compounds against malignant melanoma.

118. Curcumin, Resveratrol and Gingerol decrease prostate inflammation.

119. Ginger and bitter kola exhibit antibacterial effects on respiratory tract pathogens.

120. Ginger and garlic treatment significantly lowered the number of the blastocystis hominis parasites.

121. Ginger contains compounds which inhibit rhinoviral activity.

122. Ginger contains the compound zerumbone, which may have chemopreventive activity through activating phase II drug metabolizing enzymes.

123. Ginger exhibits anti-lung cancer properties.

124. Ginger has therapeutic properties relevant to cancer treatment.

125. Ginger is superior to lansoprazole at blocking ulcer formation.

126. Ginger is useful in gastrointestinal disorders due to its spasmolytic activity.

127. Ginger significantly reduces paraben induced lipid peroxidation in liver and kidney cells.

128. Ginger, Garlic, Clove, and Anise (in order of efficacy) reduce the adverse effects of arsenite in mouse bone marrow cells.

129. Gingerol is a sensitizing agent which induces cell death of TRAIL resistant glioblastoma cells.

130. Gingerol may help combat chemotherapy resistant pancreatic cancer cells.

131. Gingerol, a compound found within ginger, inhibits metastasis of human breast cancer cells.

132. Hexahydrocurcumin has a cytotoxic effect against human colorectal cancer cells.

133. Metabolites of [6]-shogaol can account for the bioactivity of the parent compound, and specifically triggers molecular pathways responsible for cancer cell death in a similar fashion.

134. Nutraceuticals derived from such spices as turmeric, red pepper, black pepper, licorice, clove, ginger, garlic, coriander, and cinnamon target inflammatory pathways, thereby preventing neurodegenerative diseases.

135. The combination of Gelam honey and ginger may serve as a potential therapy in the treatment of colorectal cancer.

136. The content of 6-shogaol is very low in fresh ginger, but significantly higher after steaming.

137. Turmeric and ginger work synergistically to suppress prostate cancer cell lines.

138. Zingiber zerumbet (a member of the ginger family) contains compounds that inhibit histone deacetylase and exhibited growth inhibitory 139. activity on various human tumor cell lines.

140. Zingiberaceae species (e.g. ginger) contain compounds that inhibit Epstein-Barr virus activation.

141. Ginger contains phytochemicals that significantly inhibit gastric lesions”
 

Parrot

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Thanks Inaut, I am just researching Ginger and your post shows how versatile and beneficial this spice really is.
 

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