“. E2 promotes energy homeostasis, improves body fat distribution, ameliorates insulin resistance (or enhances insulin sensitivity), improves β-cell function, and reduces inflammation. “
The Role of Estrogens in Control of Energy Balance and Glucose Homeostasis
Aromatase activity and bone homeostasis in men - PubMed
“Extraglandular aromatization of circulating androgen pre-
cursors is the major source of estrogen in men. Several lines
of clinical and experimental evidence now clearly indicate
that estrogens in men are necessary for longitudinal bone
growth, attainment of peak bone mass, the pubertal growth
spurt, epiphyseal closure, and normal bone remodeling. In
adults, estrogens appear to be more important in maintain-
ing male skeletal mass than androgens. With aging, individ-
ual differences in aromatase activity may help to distinguish
among men and their rates of bone loss. The concept that a
minimum circulating level of estrogen is needed to prevent
bone loss in men is supported by promising new data (1, 62).
Additional studies are needed to better understand the role
of glandular vs. peripheral aromatization, to clarify the con-
tribution of androgens to bone homeostasis, and to identify
how genetic, environmental, pathological, and pharmaco-
logical influences might modulate aromatase activity, in-
creasing or reducing estrogen production in males and
thereby affecting skeletal health.”
Error - Cookies Turned Off
Beyond the Abstract - Role of estrogen in normal male function: Clinical implications for patients with prostate cancer on androgen deprivation therapy, by Richard J. Wassersug, et al
Brain Aromatization: Classical Roles and New Perspectives
“Aromatase plays a critical role in brain function under physiological and pathological conditions (Fig. 1). Classically, aromatase has been implicated in the control of reproductive status, sexual development, neuroendocrine function, and sexual behavior. As such, the predominant center of aromatization is within limbic neural circuits that regulate these functions. The regulation of aromatase within these circuits is complex and not uniform in all brain regions. Evidence exists for post-transcriptional control, but sex steroids exert the major transcriptional control. Brain-derived estrogen is necessary for the effects that testosterone exerts on sexual differentiation, gonadotropin secretion and male-typical reproductive behavior, however, its role varies among species playing more essential roles in rodents than in primates. More recently, brain aromatase has been shown to play unanticipated roles in neurogenesis, neural plasticity, neuroprotection, and repair suggesting that local estrogen synthesis has broader roles in brain function than previously appreciated. These exciting new observations hold the promise that someday pharmacologic regulation of brain aromatase could offer therapeutic opportunities for the treatment neurologic disorders and cerebrovascular disease.”
“Conclusion
Recent evidence has demonstrated that many biological actions historically attributed to testosterone are instead, at least in part, mediated by its aromatization product E2. The data are strongest for effects on bone, fat mass, insulin resistance and VMS. “
MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY
Estradiol as a male hormone Nicholas Russell1,2 and Mathis Grossmann1,2
The Role of Estrogens in Control of Energy Balance and Glucose Homeostasis
Aromatase activity and bone homeostasis in men - PubMed
“Extraglandular aromatization of circulating androgen pre-
cursors is the major source of estrogen in men. Several lines
of clinical and experimental evidence now clearly indicate
that estrogens in men are necessary for longitudinal bone
growth, attainment of peak bone mass, the pubertal growth
spurt, epiphyseal closure, and normal bone remodeling. In
adults, estrogens appear to be more important in maintain-
ing male skeletal mass than androgens. With aging, individ-
ual differences in aromatase activity may help to distinguish
among men and their rates of bone loss. The concept that a
minimum circulating level of estrogen is needed to prevent
bone loss in men is supported by promising new data (1, 62).
Additional studies are needed to better understand the role
of glandular vs. peripheral aromatization, to clarify the con-
tribution of androgens to bone homeostasis, and to identify
how genetic, environmental, pathological, and pharmaco-
logical influences might modulate aromatase activity, in-
creasing or reducing estrogen production in males and
thereby affecting skeletal health.”
Error - Cookies Turned Off
Beyond the Abstract - Role of estrogen in normal male function: Clinical implications for patients with prostate cancer on androgen deprivation therapy, by Richard J. Wassersug, et al
Brain Aromatization: Classical Roles and New Perspectives
“Aromatase plays a critical role in brain function under physiological and pathological conditions (Fig. 1). Classically, aromatase has been implicated in the control of reproductive status, sexual development, neuroendocrine function, and sexual behavior. As such, the predominant center of aromatization is within limbic neural circuits that regulate these functions. The regulation of aromatase within these circuits is complex and not uniform in all brain regions. Evidence exists for post-transcriptional control, but sex steroids exert the major transcriptional control. Brain-derived estrogen is necessary for the effects that testosterone exerts on sexual differentiation, gonadotropin secretion and male-typical reproductive behavior, however, its role varies among species playing more essential roles in rodents than in primates. More recently, brain aromatase has been shown to play unanticipated roles in neurogenesis, neural plasticity, neuroprotection, and repair suggesting that local estrogen synthesis has broader roles in brain function than previously appreciated. These exciting new observations hold the promise that someday pharmacologic regulation of brain aromatase could offer therapeutic opportunities for the treatment neurologic disorders and cerebrovascular disease.”
“Conclusion
Recent evidence has demonstrated that many biological actions historically attributed to testosterone are instead, at least in part, mediated by its aromatization product E2. The data are strongest for effects on bone, fat mass, insulin resistance and VMS. “
MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY
Estradiol as a male hormone Nicholas Russell1,2 and Mathis Grossmann1,2