raypeatclips
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Didn't see this posted elsewhere, please let me know if I am wrong.
Dietary Cocoa Reduces Metabolic Endotoxemia and Adipose Tissue Inflammation in High-Fat Fed Mice
Dietary Cocoa Reduces Metabolic Endotoxemia and Adipose Tissue Inflammation in High-Fat Fed Mice
Yeyi Gu,a Shan Yu,b Jong Yung Park,a Kevin Harvatine,c and Joshua D. Lamberta
"In diet-induced obesity, adipose tissue (AT) is in a chronic state of inflammation predisposing the development of metabolic syndrome. Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) is a polyphenol-rich food with putative anti-inflammatory activities. Here, we examined the impact and underlying mechanisms of action of cocoa on AT inflammation in high fat-fed mice. In the present study, male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high fat diet (HF), a HF diet with 8% (w/w) unsweetened cocoa powder (HFC), or a low-fat diet (LF) for 18 wk. Cocoa supplementation decreased AT mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and EGF-like module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 1 by 40 – 60% compared to HF group, and this was accompanied by decreased nuclear protein levels of nuclear factor-κB. Cocoa treatment reduced the levels of arachidonic acid in the AT by 33% compared to HF controls. Moreover, cocoa treatment also reduced protein levels of the eicosanoid-generating enzymes, adipose-specific phospholipase A2 and cycloxygenase-2 by 53% and 55%, respectively, compared to HF-fed mice. Finally, cocoa treatment ameliorated metabolic endotoxemia (40% reduction in plasma endotoxin) and improved gut barrier function (as measured by increased plasma levels of glucagon-like peptide-2). In conclusion, the present study has shown for the first time that long-term cocoa supplementation can reduce AT inflammation in part by modulating eicosanoid metabolism and metabolic endotoxemia."
Some other interesting points to this study. Also points at high fat diet causing higher endotoxin levels @Salmonamb
"HF diet induced a 1.8-fold increase in plasma endotoxin levels (P < 0.001) compared to LF-fed controls (Fig. 5A). Cocoa supplementation ameliorated this elevation resulting in 40.8% lower (P < 0.001) plasma endotoxin levels than HF-fed mice."
Annoyingly the high fat group were consuming 45% higher calories than the low fat group, so I wonder how much of the negative effects of the high fat diet can be attributed to that, as the mices weight was much higher at the end of the study.
The animals were given "80 mg/g unsweetened cocoa powder" and their weights were between 35-47g. Going with 40 grams as a rough weight they ate 3.2g of cocoa powder a day.
Using the conversion chart from this study:
A simple practice guide for dose conversion between animals and human
80mg/g would be 80,000mg /kg, or 80 grams/kg divided by 12.3 gives us 6,504mg/kg or 6.5g per kg. Which seems quite a lot. Anyone correct or confirm my numbers?
Dietary Cocoa Reduces Metabolic Endotoxemia and Adipose Tissue Inflammation in High-Fat Fed Mice
Dietary Cocoa Reduces Metabolic Endotoxemia and Adipose Tissue Inflammation in High-Fat Fed Mice
Yeyi Gu,a Shan Yu,b Jong Yung Park,a Kevin Harvatine,c and Joshua D. Lamberta
"In diet-induced obesity, adipose tissue (AT) is in a chronic state of inflammation predisposing the development of metabolic syndrome. Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) is a polyphenol-rich food with putative anti-inflammatory activities. Here, we examined the impact and underlying mechanisms of action of cocoa on AT inflammation in high fat-fed mice. In the present study, male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high fat diet (HF), a HF diet with 8% (w/w) unsweetened cocoa powder (HFC), or a low-fat diet (LF) for 18 wk. Cocoa supplementation decreased AT mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and EGF-like module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 1 by 40 – 60% compared to HF group, and this was accompanied by decreased nuclear protein levels of nuclear factor-κB. Cocoa treatment reduced the levels of arachidonic acid in the AT by 33% compared to HF controls. Moreover, cocoa treatment also reduced protein levels of the eicosanoid-generating enzymes, adipose-specific phospholipase A2 and cycloxygenase-2 by 53% and 55%, respectively, compared to HF-fed mice. Finally, cocoa treatment ameliorated metabolic endotoxemia (40% reduction in plasma endotoxin) and improved gut barrier function (as measured by increased plasma levels of glucagon-like peptide-2). In conclusion, the present study has shown for the first time that long-term cocoa supplementation can reduce AT inflammation in part by modulating eicosanoid metabolism and metabolic endotoxemia."
Some other interesting points to this study. Also points at high fat diet causing higher endotoxin levels @Salmonamb
"HF diet induced a 1.8-fold increase in plasma endotoxin levels (P < 0.001) compared to LF-fed controls (Fig. 5A). Cocoa supplementation ameliorated this elevation resulting in 40.8% lower (P < 0.001) plasma endotoxin levels than HF-fed mice."
Annoyingly the high fat group were consuming 45% higher calories than the low fat group, so I wonder how much of the negative effects of the high fat diet can be attributed to that, as the mices weight was much higher at the end of the study.
The animals were given "80 mg/g unsweetened cocoa powder" and their weights were between 35-47g. Going with 40 grams as a rough weight they ate 3.2g of cocoa powder a day.
Using the conversion chart from this study:
A simple practice guide for dose conversion between animals and human
80mg/g would be 80,000mg /kg, or 80 grams/kg divided by 12.3 gives us 6,504mg/kg or 6.5g per kg. Which seems quite a lot. Anyone correct or confirm my numbers?
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