Amazoniac
Member
http://www.cell.com/cell-host-microbe/pdf/S1931-3128(15)00162-6.pdf
Some selected passages:
"The newborn microbiome had over 90% prevalence of genes involved in resistance against bacitracin, tetracycline, and macrolides (Figure S4C), the resistance against which were also most prevalent in the adult gut (Forslund et al., 2013; Hu et al., 2013)."
"The microbiome is exposed to a larger variety of dietary sub- strates as the infant grows older, which is linked to enrichment of genes in the central carbon metabolism (Figure 3A). For example, KO modules for pyruvate metabolism, the pyruvate:- ferredoxin oxidoreductase catalyzing the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, was enriched in 4-month-old and 12-month-old infants versus neonates (Figure S3D). In contrast, the relatively oxidized gut environment of neonates enables gut microbes to exploit TCA cycle for energy production and metabolism, as shown by the enrichment of KO modules for TCA cycle in neo- nates compared with 4-month-old and 12-month-old infants and the mothers (Figure S3D). Taken together, our results indi- cate that the microbiome adapts to the availability of energy sub- strates as the infant grows older."
*KO: http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/KEGG#Genomic_information
"Metabolism of retinol was also most enriched in the newborns (Figure S3H), with implications in several essential developmental processes such as vision, bone, and teeth. Vita- mins from the so-called B complex are needed for the body to convert nutrients into glucose and produce energy. Folate (vitamin B9) is one of the essential B vitamins involved in DNA synthesis and repair. Folate biosynthetic genes were signifi- cantly enriched in newborns (Figures 3A, S3G, and S3H). Genes for pyridoxal (vitamin B6) and biotin (vitamin B7) synthesis were also significantly enriched in newborns. In contrast, thiamine, pantothenate and cobalamin (vitamins B1, B5, and B12, respec- tively) biosynthetic genes increased with age, consistent with a previous study (Yatsunenko et al., 2012) (Figures S3G and S3H)."
"Finally, the genes for synthesis and metabolism of the amino acid neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyrate) and the hormone melatonin showed differential enrichment in neonates, 4 month olds, and 12 month olds (Figure 3D). In humans, mela-
tonin plays a role in entraining the circadian system (Reiter, 1991). The fact that newborns do not have an established circa- dian melatonin rhythm, which appears later, at 3–4 months of age, and matures in childhood, concords with our observation on melatonin biosynthesis fluctuation (Ardura et al., 2003)."
"Granulicatella, and Veillonella were identified as signatures of the 4-month microbiome, which indicated reduced oxygen concen- tration and increased production and utilization of lactic acid for a diet mainly composed of milk (Figure 4A)."
"Signature genera at 12 months included bacteria found in newborns, i.e., Bacter- oides; bacteria emerging at 4 months, e.g., Anaerostipes, Anae- rotruncus, and Clostridiales; and bacteria that only occurred at 12 months, i.e., Eikenella (Figure 4A; Table S5). Many of these microbes are efficient degraders of dietary fibers and producers of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), suggesting a shift toward a more adult-like intestinal environment associated with the increased functional capacity for carbohydrates degradation."
Squeeze the remaining bits of carbs, not the other way around..
"We observed that most of the early colonizers are derived from the mother, and that in C-section infants vertical mother-infant transmission was less frequent for important intes- tinal microbes such as Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium, while sharing of bacteria from skin and mouth was increased, in line with an earlier study (Dominguez-Bello et al., 2010)."
"The different microbial configuration was also associated with functional shifts, as the increased capacity to degrade poly- saccharides promoted by the introduction of solid foods did not become apparent until the infants stopped breast-feeding. Therefore our results strongly suggest that cessation of breast- feeding rather than introduction of solid foods is the major driver in the development of an adult microbiota."
Some selected passages:
"The newborn microbiome had over 90% prevalence of genes involved in resistance against bacitracin, tetracycline, and macrolides (Figure S4C), the resistance against which were also most prevalent in the adult gut (Forslund et al., 2013; Hu et al., 2013)."
"The microbiome is exposed to a larger variety of dietary sub- strates as the infant grows older, which is linked to enrichment of genes in the central carbon metabolism (Figure 3A). For example, KO modules for pyruvate metabolism, the pyruvate:- ferredoxin oxidoreductase catalyzing the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, was enriched in 4-month-old and 12-month-old infants versus neonates (Figure S3D). In contrast, the relatively oxidized gut environment of neonates enables gut microbes to exploit TCA cycle for energy production and metabolism, as shown by the enrichment of KO modules for TCA cycle in neo- nates compared with 4-month-old and 12-month-old infants and the mothers (Figure S3D). Taken together, our results indi- cate that the microbiome adapts to the availability of energy sub- strates as the infant grows older."
*KO: http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/KEGG#Genomic_information
"Metabolism of retinol was also most enriched in the newborns (Figure S3H), with implications in several essential developmental processes such as vision, bone, and teeth. Vita- mins from the so-called B complex are needed for the body to convert nutrients into glucose and produce energy. Folate (vitamin B9) is one of the essential B vitamins involved in DNA synthesis and repair. Folate biosynthetic genes were signifi- cantly enriched in newborns (Figures 3A, S3G, and S3H). Genes for pyridoxal (vitamin B6) and biotin (vitamin B7) synthesis were also significantly enriched in newborns. In contrast, thiamine, pantothenate and cobalamin (vitamins B1, B5, and B12, respec- tively) biosynthetic genes increased with age, consistent with a previous study (Yatsunenko et al., 2012) (Figures S3G and S3H)."
"Finally, the genes for synthesis and metabolism of the amino acid neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyrate) and the hormone melatonin showed differential enrichment in neonates, 4 month olds, and 12 month olds (Figure 3D). In humans, mela-
tonin plays a role in entraining the circadian system (Reiter, 1991). The fact that newborns do not have an established circa- dian melatonin rhythm, which appears later, at 3–4 months of age, and matures in childhood, concords with our observation on melatonin biosynthesis fluctuation (Ardura et al., 2003)."
"Granulicatella, and Veillonella were identified as signatures of the 4-month microbiome, which indicated reduced oxygen concen- tration and increased production and utilization of lactic acid for a diet mainly composed of milk (Figure 4A)."
"Signature genera at 12 months included bacteria found in newborns, i.e., Bacter- oides; bacteria emerging at 4 months, e.g., Anaerostipes, Anae- rotruncus, and Clostridiales; and bacteria that only occurred at 12 months, i.e., Eikenella (Figure 4A; Table S5). Many of these microbes are efficient degraders of dietary fibers and producers of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), suggesting a shift toward a more adult-like intestinal environment associated with the increased functional capacity for carbohydrates degradation."
Squeeze the remaining bits of carbs, not the other way around..
"We observed that most of the early colonizers are derived from the mother, and that in C-section infants vertical mother-infant transmission was less frequent for important intes- tinal microbes such as Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium, while sharing of bacteria from skin and mouth was increased, in line with an earlier study (Dominguez-Bello et al., 2010)."
"The different microbial configuration was also associated with functional shifts, as the increased capacity to degrade poly- saccharides promoted by the introduction of solid foods did not become apparent until the infants stopped breast-feeding. Therefore our results strongly suggest that cessation of breast- feeding rather than introduction of solid foods is the major driver in the development of an adult microbiota."
