Delirium (and Dementia/AD) Is Caused By Inability To Oxidize Glucose

haidut

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Ray has written about the metabolic origins of Alzheimer disease (AD) and I posted quite a few studies on the links between AD and PUFA metabolites as well as insulin resistance in the brain. I even mentioned on one of Danny Roddy's shows that there is a proposal by NIH to reclassify AD as "diabetes of the brain" condition due to the overwhelming evidence of its metabolic origins and its connection with hypothyroidism and estrogen.
This new study found that delirium, which can be thought of as temporary / acute form of dementia/AD and affects up to 50% of surgery patients is simply a brain reaction to deficiency in glucose metabolism. During stress, FFA flux into the brain increase several-fold and due to the Randle cycle the brain loses its ability (temporarily) to oxidize the glucose. As such, the study proposes to treat delirium as if the patient was diabetic - inject them with insulin and thus restore glucose uptake and metabolism. The primary action of insulin is to lower FFA, so other interventions that achieve the same such as niacinamide, aspirin, vitamin E, etc or fatty acid oxidation inhibitors like Mildronate should also work quite well. Anti-serotonin drugs like cyproheptadine, which also lower FFA and improve glucose metabolism, were also recently shown to help delirium patients.
Interestingly, niacinamide is currently in clinical trials for AD and the preliminary results are quite positive, which should not be surprising given what we know so far. Btw, this is something Peat wrote about almost 40 years ago. I hope the rest of his ideas take less than half a century to incorporate in medical practice...

SAGE Journals: Your gateway to world-class journal research
Breakthrough in delirium research 'solves 2,500-year-old mystery'

"..."In 10 years of delirium research at Prince of Wales, we have found the answer to a 2,500-year-old mystery — what is happening in the brain during delirium," he said. "This breakthrough now informs us as to where to aim our therapeutic interventions to treat, and hopefully to beat delirium." As many as one in 10 patients in hospital have delirium, a condition where patients become restless, suffer illusions and become incoherent. One in four patients aged over 65 will be diagnosed with delirium, and often it is missed by hospital staff. Using PET scans, researchers found changes in the part of the brain governing memory, and executive function. Researchers found when the brain was unable to metabolise glucose efficiently, brain function deteriorated, causing delirium."

"...The good news is there are already treatments which increase glucose uptake in the brain, such as insulin, which is used to treat diabetes. Doctors at Prince of Wales Hospital plan to trial insulin delivered in an inhaler, via the nose, which means it will go directly to the brain. It would be given to elderly patients at risk of delirium. Associate Professor Caplan said preventing and treating delirium was important, as it is precursor to dementia. "Delirium accelerates the progression of dementia, so if we could treat delirium, we could potential prevent dementia in some patients," he said."
 

Regina

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Ray has written about the metabolic origins of Alzheimer disease (AD) and I posted quite a few studies on the links between AD and PUFA metabolites as well as insulin resistance in the brain. I even mentioned on one of Danny Roddy's shows that there is a proposal by NIH to reclassify AD as "diabetes of the brain" condition due to the overwhelming evidence of its metabolic origins and its connection with hypothyroidism and estrogen.
This new study found that delirium, which can be thought of as temporary / acute form of dementia/AD and affects up to 50% of surgery patients is simply a brain reaction to deficiency in glucose metabolism. During stress, FFA flux into the brain increase several-fold and due to the Randle cycle the brain loses its ability (temporarily) to oxidize the glucose. As such, the study proposes to treat delirium as if the patient was diabetic - inject them with insulin and thus restore glucose uptake and metabolism. The primary action of insulin is to lower FFA, so other interventions that achieve the same such as niacinamide, aspirin, vitamin E, etc or fatty acid oxidation inhibitors like Mildronate should also work quite well. Anti-serotonin drugs like cyproheptadine, which also lower FFA and improve glucose metabolism, were also recently shown to help delirium patients.
Interestingly, niacinamide is currently in clinical trials for AD and the preliminary results are quite positive, which should not be surprising given what we know so far. Btw, this is something Peat wrote about almost 40 years ago. I hope the rest of his ideas take less than half a century to incorporate in medical practice...

SAGE Journals: Your gateway to world-class journal research
Breakthrough in delirium research 'solves 2,500-year-old mystery'

"..."In 10 years of delirium research at Prince of Wales, we have found the answer to a 2,500-year-old mystery — what is happening in the brain during delirium," he said. "This breakthrough now informs us as to where to aim our therapeutic interventions to treat, and hopefully to beat delirium." As many as one in 10 patients in hospital have delirium, a condition where patients become restless, suffer illusions and become incoherent. One in four patients aged over 65 will be diagnosed with delirium, and often it is missed by hospital staff. Using PET scans, researchers found changes in the part of the brain governing memory, and executive function. Researchers found when the brain was unable to metabolise glucose efficiently, brain function deteriorated, causing delirium."

"...The good news is there are already treatments which increase glucose uptake in the brain, such as insulin, which is used to treat diabetes. Doctors at Prince of Wales Hospital plan to trial insulin delivered in an inhaler, via the nose, which means it will go directly to the brain. It would be given to elderly patients at risk of delirium. Associate Professor Caplan said preventing and treating delirium was important, as it is precursor to dementia. "Delirium accelerates the progression of dementia, so if we could treat delirium, we could potential prevent dementia in some patients," he said."
:thumbsup: Awesome haidut! thx.
 

Koveras

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Ray has written about the metabolic origins of Alzheimer disease (AD) and I posted quite a few studies on the links between AD and PUFA metabolites as well as insulin resistance in the brain. I even mentioned on one of Danny Roddy's shows that there is a proposal by NIH to reclassify AD as "diabetes of the brain" condition due to the overwhelming evidence of its metabolic origins and its connection with hypothyroidism and estrogen.
This new study found that delirium, which can be thought of as temporary / acute form of dementia/AD and affects up to 50% of surgery patients is simply a brain reaction to deficiency in glucose metabolism. During stress, FFA flux into the brain increase several-fold and due to the Randle cycle the brain loses its ability (temporarily) to oxidize the glucose. As such, the study proposes to treat delirium as if the patient was diabetic - inject them with insulin and thus restore glucose uptake and metabolism. The primary action of insulin is to lower FFA, so other interventions that achieve the same such as niacinamide, aspirin, vitamin E, etc or fatty acid oxidation inhibitors like Mildronate should also work quite well. Anti-serotonin drugs like cyproheptadine, which also lower FFA and improve glucose metabolism, were also recently shown to help delirium patients.
Interestingly, niacinamide is currently in clinical trials for AD and the preliminary results are quite positive, which should not be surprising given what we know so far. Btw, this is something Peat wrote about almost 40 years ago. I hope the rest of his ideas take less than half a century to incorporate in medical practice...

SAGE Journals: Your gateway to world-class journal research
Breakthrough in delirium research 'solves 2,500-year-old mystery'

"..."In 10 years of delirium research at Prince of Wales, we have found the answer to a 2,500-year-old mystery — what is happening in the brain during delirium," he said. "This breakthrough now informs us as to where to aim our therapeutic interventions to treat, and hopefully to beat delirium." As many as one in 10 patients in hospital have delirium, a condition where patients become restless, suffer illusions and become incoherent. One in four patients aged over 65 will be diagnosed with delirium, and often it is missed by hospital staff. Using PET scans, researchers found changes in the part of the brain governing memory, and executive function. Researchers found when the brain was unable to metabolise glucose efficiently, brain function deteriorated, causing delirium."

"...The good news is there are already treatments which increase glucose uptake in the brain, such as insulin, which is used to treat diabetes. Doctors at Prince of Wales Hospital plan to trial insulin delivered in an inhaler, via the nose, which means it will go directly to the brain. It would be given to elderly patients at risk of delirium. Associate Professor Caplan said preventing and treating delirium was important, as it is precursor to dementia. "Delirium accelerates the progression of dementia, so if we could treat delirium, we could potential prevent dementia in some patients," he said."

This might be deserving of it's own post, but Lisofylline, a metabolite of Pentoxifylline, has been shown to sharply suppress serum free fatty acids. I imagine both might show some similar benefits to the substances above.

Lisofylline causes rapid and prolonged suppression of serum levels of free fatty acids. - PubMed - NCBI

You've posted about using niacinamide to help with diabetes before, and the role of free fatty acids there, and it seems lisofylline is getting some attention in that area.

Combined treatment with lisofylline and exendin-4 reverses autoimmune diabetes. - PubMed - NCBI

Lisofylline: a potential lead for the treatment of diabetes. - PubMed - NCBI

Amelioration of type 1 diabetes following treatment of non-obese diabetic mice with INGAP and lisofylline. - PubMed - NCBI

The anti-inflammatory compound lisofylline prevents Type I diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. - PubMed - NCBI

Lisofylline, a novel antiinflammatory agent, protects pancreatic beta-cells from proinflammatory cytokine damage by promoting mitochondrial metabol... - PubMed - NCBI
 
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haidut

haidut

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Yep, Peat even recommended pentoxifylline to a few people when asked. Somebody asked him if there is any need for pentoxi given its similarity to caffeine and Peat said by all means there is as it is a lot more lipophillic than caffeine and has benefits of its own that caffeine and theobromine do not. Btw, the related chemical theacrine may have some of the same effects as Lisofylline and can be obtained much more cheaply.
 

Koveras

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Yep, Peat even recommended pentoxifylline to a few people when asked. Somebody asked him if there is any need for pentoxi given its similarity to caffeine and Peat said by all means there is as it is a lot more lipophillic than caffeine and has benefits of its own that caffeine and theobromine do not. Btw, the related chemical theacrine may have some of the same effects as Lisofylline and can be obtained much more cheaply.

Could you clarify on the similarities between theacrine and lisofylline?
 
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haidut

haidut

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Could you clarify on the similarities between theacrine and lisofylline?

Both are PDE inhibitors of the xanthine class. Both appear to be non-stimulating, unlike caffeine. Both seem to have an optimal dose (about 200mg) beyond which no additional benefit is observed. Both improve glucose tolerance in animal models and humans. Both appear to be dopaminergic, but without excessive stimulation (again, unlike caffeine). Both appear to not lead to tolerance (and thus the need for higher doses), unlike caffeine. I am sure there are other similarities but these are the ones that come to mind right now.
 

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