Mauritio
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- Joined
- Feb 26, 2018
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Another study on the infamous spike protein:
So there's several studies showing that the SARS-cov-2 spike protein binds to a protein called basigin or CD147 . This can damage the pericytes in the heart, which can lead to aneurysms and other problems. CD147 is a marker of inflammation and another way of entry for the virus into the body.
"Importantly, we show that the recombinant S protein alone elicits cellular signalling through the CD147 receptor in cardiac PCs, thereby inducing cell dysfunction and microvascular disruption in vitro.
This study suggests that soluble S protein can potentially propagate damage to organs distant from sites of infection, promoting microvascular injury. Blocking the CD147 receptor in patients may help protect the vasculature not only from infection, but also from the collateral damage caused by the S protein."
"Together, our study reveals a novel virus entry route, CD147-spike protein, which provides an important target for developing specific and effective drug against COVID-19."
(CD147-spike protein is a novel route for SARS-CoV-2 infection to host cells - Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy)
Even wikipedia admits it :
"More recent studies suggests CD147 as SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor of platelets and megakaryocytes, leading to hyperactivation and thrombosis, that differs from common cold coronavirus CoV-OC43. Incubation of megakaryocytecells with SARS-CoV-2 resulted in a significant increase in the proinflammatory transcripts LGALS3BP and S100A9. Notably, CD147 antibody-mediated blocking significantly reduced the expression of S100A9, and S100A8 on megakaryocytes following incubation with SARS-CoV-2. These data indicate that megakaryocytes and platelets actively take up SARS-CoV-2 virions, likely via an ACE-2-independent mechanism.[21]"
This study shows that this might not only affect our hearts but also our brains:
"CD147 is highly expressed in mouse brain tissue compared to lung tissue, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 may bind to CD147 in the brain [24]."
(The Effect of COVID-19 on NF-κB and Neurological Manifestations of Disease)
Cd147 might also have a strong anti-metabolism /pro-cancer effects.
CD147 induces MCTs (CD147 is tightly associated with lactate transporters MCT1 and MCT4 and facilitates their cell surface expression - PubMed) ,which is the lactate transporter on which highly malignant tumors are dependent.
"Highly malignant tumors rely heavily on anaerobic glycolysis (metabolism of glucose to lactic acid even under presence of oxygen; Warburg effect) and thus need to efflux lactic acid via MCTs to the tumor micro-environment to maintain a robust glycolytic flux and to prevent the tumor from being "pickled to death".[4][5]"
(Monocarboxylate transporter - Wikipedia)
So this adds another way through which the spike protein creates damage and inflammation:
1. ACE2 (Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), SARS-CoV-2 and the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) - PubMed)
2. TLR4 (SARS-cov-2 spike protein activates endotoxin receptor TLR4)
3. HSPA4
(Testosterone, progesterone, caffeine and thymoquinone inhibit Coronavirus through HSP-binding)
4. CD147
In terms of treatment I couldn't find much on the usual suspects like testosterone or aspirin. The most promising candidates seem to be antibiotics :
-Doxycycline
(Zhang et al. [63] provided evidence that chimeric antigen receptor T cells induced by doxycycline targeting BSG could be used in the treatment of liver cancer. Another study also found that doxycycline inhibited the proliferation of gallbladder cancer cells by downregulating the expression levels of BSG and induced an early apoptosis response in cancer cells [64].
(Immunohistochemical basigin expression level in thyroid cancer tissues - World Journal of Surgical Oncology)
-Minocycline
"Minocycline intervention significantly reduced the activity of CD147."
(Effect of minocycline on carotid atherosclerotic plaques - PubMed)
- Azithromycin (CD147 as a Target for COVID-19 Treatment: Suggested Effects of Azithromycin and Stem Cell Engagement - PubMed)
So there's several studies showing that the SARS-cov-2 spike protein binds to a protein called basigin or CD147 . This can damage the pericytes in the heart, which can lead to aneurysms and other problems. CD147 is a marker of inflammation and another way of entry for the virus into the body.
"Importantly, we show that the recombinant S protein alone elicits cellular signalling through the CD147 receptor in cardiac PCs, thereby inducing cell dysfunction and microvascular disruption in vitro.
This study suggests that soluble S protein can potentially propagate damage to organs distant from sites of infection, promoting microvascular injury. Blocking the CD147 receptor in patients may help protect the vasculature not only from infection, but also from the collateral damage caused by the S protein."
"Together, our study reveals a novel virus entry route, CD147-spike protein, which provides an important target for developing specific and effective drug against COVID-19."
(CD147-spike protein is a novel route for SARS-CoV-2 infection to host cells - Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy)
Even wikipedia admits it :
"More recent studies suggests CD147 as SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor of platelets and megakaryocytes, leading to hyperactivation and thrombosis, that differs from common cold coronavirus CoV-OC43. Incubation of megakaryocytecells with SARS-CoV-2 resulted in a significant increase in the proinflammatory transcripts LGALS3BP and S100A9. Notably, CD147 antibody-mediated blocking significantly reduced the expression of S100A9, and S100A8 on megakaryocytes following incubation with SARS-CoV-2. These data indicate that megakaryocytes and platelets actively take up SARS-CoV-2 virions, likely via an ACE-2-independent mechanism.[21]"
This study shows that this might not only affect our hearts but also our brains:
"CD147 is highly expressed in mouse brain tissue compared to lung tissue, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 may bind to CD147 in the brain [24]."
(The Effect of COVID-19 on NF-κB and Neurological Manifestations of Disease)
Cd147 might also have a strong anti-metabolism /pro-cancer effects.
CD147 induces MCTs (CD147 is tightly associated with lactate transporters MCT1 and MCT4 and facilitates their cell surface expression - PubMed) ,which is the lactate transporter on which highly malignant tumors are dependent.
"Highly malignant tumors rely heavily on anaerobic glycolysis (metabolism of glucose to lactic acid even under presence of oxygen; Warburg effect) and thus need to efflux lactic acid via MCTs to the tumor micro-environment to maintain a robust glycolytic flux and to prevent the tumor from being "pickled to death".[4][5]"
(Monocarboxylate transporter - Wikipedia)
So this adds another way through which the spike protein creates damage and inflammation:
1. ACE2 (Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), SARS-CoV-2 and the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) - PubMed)
2. TLR4 (SARS-cov-2 spike protein activates endotoxin receptor TLR4)
3. HSPA4
(Testosterone, progesterone, caffeine and thymoquinone inhibit Coronavirus through HSP-binding)
4. CD147
In terms of treatment I couldn't find much on the usual suspects like testosterone or aspirin. The most promising candidates seem to be antibiotics :
-Doxycycline
(Zhang et al. [63] provided evidence that chimeric antigen receptor T cells induced by doxycycline targeting BSG could be used in the treatment of liver cancer. Another study also found that doxycycline inhibited the proliferation of gallbladder cancer cells by downregulating the expression levels of BSG and induced an early apoptosis response in cancer cells [64].
(Immunohistochemical basigin expression level in thyroid cancer tissues - World Journal of Surgical Oncology)
-Minocycline
"Minocycline intervention significantly reduced the activity of CD147."
(Effect of minocycline on carotid atherosclerotic plaques - PubMed)
- Azithromycin (CD147 as a Target for COVID-19 Treatment: Suggested Effects of Azithromycin and Stem Cell Engagement - PubMed)
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