Chaga Mushroom Quinone

[Inaut]

"The primary active substances are chromogens (polyphenol pigments), polyphenols, hydroxyphenyl carboxylic acids, and quinones"

Is this what makes chaga so helpful with cancer treatment?

 

[SOMO]

Quinones are probably universally good for mitochondrial function, although plant quinones may not function the same way as "animal" quinones like Coq10.

 

[lollipop]

I am also interested in this question. I like chaga mushroom and make a tea drink from the chunks. It is supposedly highly researched for its benefits against cancer.

 

[ecstatichamster]

is that why you take it @lisaferraro

 

[lollipop]

is that why you take it @lisaferraro

No. An intuitive feeling of health boosting benefits. Plus I make an amazing ice “tea” with it that is super yummmmmy I simmer the chunks for 2-3 hours with a cinnamon stick. Then strain and add honey, refrigerate and either make a 1/2, 1/2 solution with sparkling water - tastes like a natural root beer soda and/or drink straight. Feels like you are drinking an elixir @ecstatichamster

 

[Lejeboca]

No. An intuitive feeling of health boosting benefits. Plus I make an amazing ice “tea” with it that is super yummmmmy I simmer the chunks for 2-3 hours with a cinnamon stick. Then strain and add honey, refrigerate and either make a 1/2, 1/2 solution with sparkling water - tastes like a natural root beer soda and/or drink straight. Feels like you are drinking an elixir @ecstatichamster

It even reads yummy ! I will make it. Thanks for the tip, @lisaferraro !

 

[lollipop]

It even reads yummy ! I will make it. Thanks for the tip, @lisaferraro !

To help you further: a few ideas

I use 5 small chaga chunks in a 1 quart sauce pan filled to the brim with water on low, simmering, uncovered and keep adding water as it steams off. I never boil the chunks, plus one Ceylon cinnamon stick. After ready, strain chunks and stick, add 5 or so tablespoons of honey ( as per your taste). I might add a bit of water if needed.

I take the chunks and freeze. Reuse one more time. Still keep them until I have a bunch, put in some cognac and do a 3 month alcohol extraction. I then use a dropper full daily.

 

[Lejeboca]

To help you further: a few ideas

I use 5 small chaga chunks in a 1 quart sauce pan filled to the brim with water on low, simmering, uncovered and keep adding water as it steams off. I never boil the chunks, plus one Ceylon cinnamon stick. After ready, strain chunks and stick, add 5 or so tablespoons of honey ( as per your taste). I might add a bit of water if needed.

I take the chunks and freeze. Reuse one more time. Still keep them until I have a bunch, put in some cognac and do a 3 month alcohol extraction. I then use a dropper full daily.

Very helpful. Thanks, @lisaferraro ! Reusing chaga chunks is a super-idea. I will try that as well
BTW, I found that cinnamon goes well with mushrooms, in general. Now I add a bit of cinnamon powder to my button- or bella-mushroom dishes.
(Sorry if this is already off-topic for this tread !)

 

[lollipop]

Very helpful. Thanks, @lisaferraro ! Reusing chaga chunks is a super-idea. I will try that as well
BTW, I found that cinnamon goes well with mushrooms, in general. Now I add a bit of cinnamon powder to my button- or bella-mushroom dishes.
(Sorry if this is already off-topic for this tread !)

My apologies as well, but very interesting @Lejeboca

 

[Lejeboca]

Back on topic, @ianut :
Russians have studied chaga a lot. Apparently, it is their "favorite healing mushroom".
Here is a quote from Чага в онкологии that I've translated hastily and that might be pertinent to your question:

"Microscopic and macroscopic observations and histological investigation of the tumors, the sizes of which have started to shrink in the animals who were given chaga, have shown that, in the tumors, internal micro-necroses started to appear, the products of which gradually dissolved. A large number of blood vessels were observed in these tumors, as well as isolated tumor cells surrounded by erythrocytes. ...
The cells of the tumor appear to disassociate. And this fact, according to the authors, plays a large role in dissolving the tumors".

And also
"V.V. Kozlov [40] studied the effect of large doses of chaga (from 200 to 20000 mg/kg of animal body mass) on white mice with carcinoma Ehrlich carcinoma, and showed that, with large doses, the survival of animals decreases (cf. with control) although their average tumor mass was lower than that of the control and they were more lively. The author thinks that, most likely, with large doses of chaga the body get intoxicated with the products of tumor break-down due to the rapid tumor dissolution."

 

[Anders86]

I have local alcohol extract available that I use sublingual. And nothing picks me up like Chaga mushroom. Mental energy and mood rises, cortisol lowers, edema sweats away, liver feels great and stomach shrinks. My only "concern" is what it does to my androgens. I`m researching this now but hard to find concrete information. Super Oxidase Dismutase and Betulenic Acid seem to be key opponents..

 

[lollipop]

I have local alcohol extract available that I use sublingual. And nothing picks me up like Chaga mushroom. Mental energy and mood rises, cortisol lowers, edema sweats away, liver feels great and stomach shrinks. My only "concern" is what it does to my androgens. I`m researching this now but hard to find concrete information. Super Oxidase Dismutase and Betulenic Acid seem to be key opponents..

I made my own Chaga tincture with cognac. I also love Chaga. Please post back here what you find from your research. I am highly interested.

 

[griesburner]

i have also ordered some chaga powder to make a tea from it. How does it taste if you drink it pure without cinnamon and honey?

 

[lollipop]

i have also ordered some chaga powder to make a tea from it. How does it taste if you drink it pure without cinnamon and honey?

I am not sure - never tried powder nor without. Try and please let me know

 

[Anders86]

I made my own Chaga tincture with cognac. I also love Chaga. Please post back here what you find from your research. I am highly interested.

Sounds intriguing! I`ll compile a bigger post soon :)

 

[griesburner]

yesterday my chaga powder arrived. I made a tea from it by adding 1 teaspoon in a pan and simmered it for 10 minutes. i would describe the taste as a mixture between rooibos, lapacho and coffee ^^. its not the best taste but easily drinkable.

 

[lollipop]

yesterday my chaga powder arrived. I made a tea from it by adding 1 teaspoon in a pan and simmered it for 10 minutes. i would describe the taste as a mixture between rooibos, lapacho and coffee ^^. its not the best taste but easily drinkable.

Interesting @griesburner. Thank you for sharing back. I think I was catching your chaga vibes as I made my tea yesterday suddenly after a few months - lol. Super yummmy

 

[Anders86]

I made my own Chaga tincture with cognac. I also love Chaga. Please post back here what you find from your research. I am highly interested.

There are tons of antioxidant related papers so I decided to focus on other aspects. I just used Pubmed and Google Schoolars and searched on Chaga, Betulenic Acid and some on Superoxide Dismutase.


Chaga


Cancer/Energy/Bodytemperatur

Continuous intake of the Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) aqueous extract suppresses cancer progression and maintains body temperature in mice. - PubMed - NCBI

Increased muscle and liver glycogen

Effect of Inonotus Obliquus Polysaccharides on physical fatigue in mice. - PubMed - NCBI

Lung Cancer

Bioactivity-based analysis and chemical characterization of cytotoxic constituents from Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) that induce apoptosis in... - PubMed - NCBI

Glycation/Diabetes/Kidney

Effects of polysaccharides from Inonotus obliquus and its chromium (III) complex on advanced glycation end-products formation, α-amylase, α-glucosi... - PubMed - NCBI

Anti-diabetic effects of Inonotus obliquus polysaccharides in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic mice and potential mechanism via PI3K-Akt sign... - PubMed - NCBI

Antidiabetic activities of polysaccharides separated from Inonotus obliquus via the modulation of oxidative stress in mice with streptozotocin-indu... - PubMed - NCBI

Anti-diabetic effects of Inonotus obliquus polysaccharides-chromium (III) complex in type 2 diabetic mice and its sub-acute toxicity evaluation in ... - PubMed - NCBI

Renal Protective Effects of Low Molecular Weight of Inonotus obliquus Polysaccharide (LIOP) on HFD/STZ-Induced Nephropathy in Mice. - PubMed - NCBI

Anti-Viral

Identification of Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide with broad-spectrum antiviral activity against multi-feline viruses. - PubMed - NCBI

Inhibition of Murine Norovirus and Feline Calicivirus by Edible Herbal Extracts. - PubMed - NCBI

Alcohol

Effects of the herb mixture, DTS20, on oxidative stress and plasma alcoholic metabolites after alcohol consumption in healthy young men. - PubMed - NCBI

Colorectal Cancer

Inonotus obliquus extract induces apoptosis in the human colorectal carcinoma's HCT-116 cell line. - PubMed - NCBI

Ergosterol peroxide from Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) exhibits anti-cancer activity by down-regulation of the β-catenin pathway in colorectal... - PubMed - NCBI

Ethanol extract of Innotus obliquus (Chaga mushroom) induces G1 cell cycle arrest in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. - PubMed - NCBI

Liver

Hepatoprotective Activity of Water Extracts from Chaga Medicinal Mushroom, Inonotus obliquus (Higher Basidiomycetes) Against Tert-Butyl Hydroperoxi... - PubMed - NCBI



Betulenic Acid


Anti-estrogen

Inhibition of estrogen signaling through depletion of estrogen receptor alpha by ursolic acid and betulinic acid from Prunella vulgaris var. lilacina - ScienceDirect

Anti-Bacterial

In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Diarrhoeal Activity of Ziziphus Jujuba Fruit Extract. - PubMed - NCBI

Microbial cyclic β-(1→3),(1→6)-glucans as potential drug carriers: Interaction studies between cyclic β-glucans isolated from Bradyrhizobium japoni... - PubMed - NCBI

cAMP

Betulinic acid, a natural PDE inhibitor restores hippocampal cAMP/cGMP and BDNF, improve cerebral blood flow and recover memory deficits in permane... - PubMed - NCBI

Brain

Protective effect of betulinic acid against intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induced cognitive impairment and neuronal damage in rats: Possib... - PubMed - NCBI

Inhibitory Effects of Betulinic Acid on LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation Involve M2 Microglial Polarization via CaMKKβ-Dependent AMPK Activation. - PubMed - NCBI

Liver Health

Betulinic acid alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver by inhibiting SREBP1 activity via the AMPK–mTOR–SREBP signaling pathway - ScienceDirect

http://rabbit.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2005/5_588.pdf

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01239.x

Viral

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29999539

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29604267

Cancer

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304383501007182

https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/15057642

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29923216

Prostate

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mc.20447

https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/mc/2011/00000007/00000005/art00018

http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0056234

http://www.jbc.org/content/early/2004/12/02/jbc.M409477200.full.pdf

Melanoma

https://www.nature.com/articles/nm1095-1046

Breast

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mc.21893

http://mct.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2012/06/23/1535-7163.MCT-12-0026.short

Brain

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19990730)82:3<435::AID-IJC18>3.0.CO;2-1

Aids HIV

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/np50104a008?journalCode=jnprdf

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/med.10053

https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/cmc/2005/00000012/00000006/art00003

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm950922q?journalCode=jmcmar

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29631960


Superoxide Dismutase


Aging

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/263/5150/1128

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/289/5484/1567

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0891584994900809


I do not have the knowledge to confirm these papers as legit information! I just want to give this potentially great supplement some spotlight!

Chaga has "over 215 phytonutrients, glyconutrients including: Betulinic Acid, Polysaccharides, Beta Glucans, Tripeptides, Triterpenes including Lanosterol-type Triterpenes, Sterols, Saponins, Inotodiols, Trametenolic Acid and Melanin."

Chaga is tremendous in nutrients and positive effects. I would love to ask Peat about it but I do not have his e-mail

@haidut even has a standalone Lanosterol supplement.

 

[lollipop]

There are tons of antioxidant related papers so I decided to focus on other aspects. I just used Pubmed and Google Schoolars and searched on Chaga, Betulenic Acid and some on Superoxide Dismutase.


Chaga


Cancer/Energy/Bodytemperatur

Continuous intake of the Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) aqueous extract suppresses cancer progression and maintains body temperature in mice. - PubMed - NCBI

Increased muscle and liver glycogen

Effect of Inonotus Obliquus Polysaccharides on physical fatigue in mice. - PubMed - NCBI

Lung Cancer

Bioactivity-based analysis and chemical characterization of cytotoxic constituents from Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) that induce apoptosis in... - PubMed - NCBI

Glycation/Diabetes/Kidney

Effects of polysaccharides from Inonotus obliquus and its chromium (III) complex on advanced glycation end-products formation, α-amylase, α-glucosi... - PubMed - NCBI

Anti-diabetic effects of Inonotus obliquus polysaccharides in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic mice and potential mechanism via PI3K-Akt sign... - PubMed - NCBI

Antidiabetic activities of polysaccharides separated from Inonotus obliquus via the modulation of oxidative stress in mice with streptozotocin-indu... - PubMed - NCBI

Anti-diabetic effects of Inonotus obliquus polysaccharides-chromium (III) complex in type 2 diabetic mice and its sub-acute toxicity evaluation in ... - PubMed - NCBI

Renal Protective Effects of Low Molecular Weight of Inonotus obliquus Polysaccharide (LIOP) on HFD/STZ-Induced Nephropathy in Mice. - PubMed - NCBI

Anti-Viral

Identification of Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide with broad-spectrum antiviral activity against multi-feline viruses. - PubMed - NCBI

Inhibition of Murine Norovirus and Feline Calicivirus by Edible Herbal Extracts. - PubMed - NCBI

Alcohol

Effects of the herb mixture, DTS20, on oxidative stress and plasma alcoholic metabolites after alcohol consumption in healthy young men. - PubMed - NCBI

Colorectal Cancer

Inonotus obliquus extract induces apoptosis in the human colorectal carcinoma's HCT-116 cell line. - PubMed - NCBI

Ergosterol peroxide from Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) exhibits anti-cancer activity by down-regulation of the β-catenin pathway in colorectal... - PubMed - NCBI

Ethanol extract of Innotus obliquus (Chaga mushroom) induces G1 cell cycle arrest in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. - PubMed - NCBI

Liver

Hepatoprotective Activity of Water Extracts from Chaga Medicinal Mushroom, Inonotus obliquus (Higher Basidiomycetes) Against Tert-Butyl Hydroperoxi... - PubMed - NCBI



Betulenic Acid


Anti-estrogen

Inhibition of estrogen signaling through depletion of estrogen receptor alpha by ursolic acid and betulinic acid from Prunella vulgaris var. lilacina - ScienceDirect

Anti-Bacterial

In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Diarrhoeal Activity of Ziziphus Jujuba Fruit Extract. - PubMed - NCBI

Microbial cyclic β-(1→3),(1→6)-glucans as potential drug carriers: Interaction studies between cyclic β-glucans isolated from Bradyrhizobium japoni... - PubMed - NCBI

cAMP

Betulinic acid, a natural PDE inhibitor restores hippocampal cAMP/cGMP and BDNF, improve cerebral blood flow and recover memory deficits in permane... - PubMed - NCBI

Brain

Protective effect of betulinic acid against intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induced cognitive impairment and neuronal damage in rats: Possib... - PubMed - NCBI

Inhibitory Effects of Betulinic Acid on LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation Involve M2 Microglial Polarization via CaMKKβ-Dependent AMPK Activation. - PubMed - NCBI

Liver Health

Betulinic acid alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver by inhibiting SREBP1 activity via the AMPK–mTOR–SREBP signaling pathway - ScienceDirect

http://rabbit.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2005/5_588.pdf

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01239.x

Viral

Synthesis of three triterpene series and their activity against respiratory syncytial virus. - PubMed - NCBI

SERCA plays a crucial role in the toxicity of a betulinic acid derivative with potential antimalarial activity. - PubMed - NCBI

Cancer

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304383501007182

https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/15057642

Betulinic acid induces apoptosis and inhibits metastasis of human renal carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. - PubMed - NCBI

Prostate

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mc.20447

https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/mc/2011/00000007/00000005/art00018

Betulinic Acid Selectively Increases Protein Degradation and Enhances Prostate Cancer-Specific Apoptosis: Possible Role for Inhibition of Deubiquitinase Activity

http://www.jbc.org/content/early/2004/12/02/jbc.M409477200.full.pdf

Melanoma

https://www.nature.com/articles/nm1095-1046

Breast

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mc.21893

http://mct.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2012/06/23/1535-7163.MCT-12-0026.short

Brain

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19990730)82:3<435::AID-IJC18>3.0.CO;2-1

Aids HIV

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/np50104a008?journalCode=jnprdf

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/med.10053

https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/cmc/2005/00000012/00000006/art00003

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm950922q?journalCode=jmcmar

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29631960


Superoxide Dismutase


Aging

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/263/5150/1128

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/289/5484/1567

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0891584994900809


I do not have the knowledge to confirm these papers as legit information! I just want to give this potentially great supplement some spotlight!

Chaga has "over 215 phytonutrients, glyconutrients including: Betulinic Acid, Polysaccharides, Beta Glucans, Tripeptides, Triterpenes including Lanosterol-type Triterpenes, Sterols, Saponins, Inotodiols, Trametenolic Acid and Melanin."

Chaga is tremendous in nutrients and positive effects. I would love to ask Peat about it but I do not have his e-mail

@haidut even has a standalone Lanosterol supplement.

What a list! This is AWESOME @Anders86 Thank you

 

[Anders86]

I found some more :)

Superoxide Dismutase and Thyroid

Extracellular superoxide dismutase is a thyroid differentiation marker down-regulated in cancer
"We have further demonstrated differentiation-dependent SOD3 expression both in vitro and in vivo in patient samples. The finding suggests that SOD3 is involved in TSH mitogen effect in normal thyrocytes, a pathway that is disrupted in thyroid cancer"

Induction of manganese superoxide dismutase by thyroid stimulating hormone in rat thyroid cells. - PubMed - NCBI
"These findings suggest the induction of Mn-SOD by TSH in thyroid cells and point to a role of C-kinase in this process, thereby indicating that a close relationship exists between the serum TSH level and the change in Mn-SOD content in thyrocytes with thyroid dysfunction."

https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1016/0014-5793(91)80502-T
"We have witnessed a very interesting observation in connection with the thyroid-adrenal functions. TSH has displayed a striking potency to inhibit SOD activity in the adrenals of immature mice. Even though, we cannot decipher why TSH should inhibit the SOD activity in this organ. This effect could have manifold effects since the SOD-mediated oxidation of pregnenolone to progesterone in the adrenal is plausible. However, this study has revealed novel and fascinating regulatory mechanisms exerted by the mammalian pituitary gland."

Impact of Thyroid Dysfunction on Antioxidant Capacity Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase Activity - Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
"Decreasing of antioxidant capacity in hyperthyroid patients is probably because of increased production of free radicals. There was not observed significant difference in total antioxidant capacity in hypothyroid patients. Also in hypo-and hyperthyroidism patients, increasing of enzymes activity is probably due to increasing of the production of ROS."

Betulinic Acid

Therapeutic exploration of betulinic acid in chemically induced hypothyroidism. - PubMed - NCBI
This study shows that the betulinic acid has thyroid-enhancing potential by lowering down the TSH levels and reducing the damage caused in the thyroid tissues, thus minimizing the symptoms of hypothyroidism when used anaphylactically in rats.

http://www.excli.de/vol14/Park_02022015_proof.pdf

BA protects the lungs against inflammation and could be a potential modulator of inflammation in sepsis-induced acute lung injury. Lingaraju et al., 2015

BA induces HeLa cell apoptosis by triggering both the endoplasmic reticulum pathway and the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated mitochondrial pathway. Xu et al., 2014

BA mediates the anti-estrogenic effects of Proteus vulgaris; this suggests its potential use as a therapeutic agent in estrogen-dependent tumors. Kim et al., 2014

BA dose-dependently inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in neuroblastoma and melanoma cell line apoptosis. Tiwari et al, 2014

BA reduces lactase dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) release, prevents cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and alleviates the extent of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Xia et al., 2014

Combination of BA with cyclodextrin treatment enhances anti-proliferative activity and aids in preventing in vivo tumor development. Soica et al., 2014

The betulin (BE) derivative BT06 and BA derivative AB13 may be promising alternatives leishmaniasis therapies, particularly in combination with miltefosine. Sousa et al., 2014

BA derived from Vitis amurensis root plays a novel role in melanogenesis. This finding has advanced our understanding of cosmetic therapy to reduce skin hyperpigmentation. Jin et al., 2014

Spray drying BA is a superior alternative formulation that significantly increases BA oral bioavailability and enhances anticancer efficacy. Godugu et al., 2014

BA may prevent bone loss in patients with bone metastases and cancer treatment-induced estrogen deficiency. Park et al., 2014

BA may exert hepatoprotective effects by increasing antioxidant capacity, through the improvement of the tissue redox system, maintenance of the antioxidant system, and decreased lipid peroxidation in the liver. Yi et al., 2014

BA regulates glycemia through classical insulin signaling by stimulating GLUT4 synthesis and translocation. Additionally, it does not cause hypercalcemia, which is highly significant from a drug-discovery perspective. Castro et al., 2014

BA has thyroid-enhancing potential by lowering thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and reducing thyroid tissue damage, thereby minimizing the symptoms of hypothyroidism when used anaphylactically in rats. Afzal et al., 2014

BA induces eryptosis/erythroptosis in human erythrocytes through Ca2+ loading and membrane permeabilization. Gao et al., 2014

A novel mechanism for BA-mediated ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) expression has been proposed, which may provide new methods to modulate vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Zhao et al., 2013

Topomer CoMFA studies on 37 BA and BE derivatives confirmed their in vitro anticancer activity (reported as IC50 values) in HT29 human colon cancer cells. Ding et al., 2013

Several novel 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone BA derivatives were prepared by chemical and biotransformation methods using fungi and carrot cells. Some compounds showed significant cytotoxicity and selectivity against tumor cell lines. Baratto et al., 2013

Histopathological analyses of tumors revealed decreased angiogenesis, proliferation, and invasion in BA-treated animals. This is one of the first studies demonstrating the in vivo antitumor activity of BA in MCF-7 breast cancer tumors in nude mice. Damle et al., 2013

Lamin B1, which plays a crucial role in pancreatic cancer, was significantly downregulated by BA treatment in pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in xenograft models. Li et al., 2013

BA or BE may ameliorate acute ethanol-induced fatty liver via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in vivo and in vitro, suggesting it may be a promising agent for ethanol-induced fatty liver therapies. Wan et al., 2013

BA modulates the activity of xenobiotic and antioxidative enzymes with putative roles in cancer initiation and proliferation. Kaur and Arora, 2013

BA ameliorates intracellular lipid accumulation in liver cells, and may be a potential therapeutic for the prevention of fatty liver disease. Quan et al., 2013

BA inhibits deubiquitinases and induces apoptotic cell death in prostate cancer, but not normal, cells and tissues. Thus, it may be an effective, nontoxic, and clinically selective chemotherapeutic. Reiner et al., 2013

BA prevents endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) impairment in rat aortas exposed to exogenous superoxide anion, which may closely relate to oxidative stress reduction and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)- nitric oxide (NO) pathway activation. Qian et al., 2012

BA induces apoptosis and blocks autophagic flux in KM3 cells. Both caspase 3 activation and autophagic flux inhibition contribute to BAmediated apoptosis. Yang et al., 2012

BA may exert its anti-tumor effects by inducing tumor cell apoptosis. This process may also improve the immune response. Wang et al., 2012

BA may serve as an antithrombotic compound via antiplatelet activity. The antiplatelet effect of BA has been suggested to be similar to that prostacyclin (PGI2) receptor agonists; however, this requires further investigation. Tzakos et al., 2012

BA may be a potent and effective anticancer agent in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPG). Further exploration of the mechanism of action could yield novel breakthroughs in anticancer drug discovery. Liu and Luo, 2012

BA has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that protect the lung against the deleterious effects of lipopolysaccharide. Nader and Baraka, 2012

BA significantly inhibits fibrosis by modulating the TLR4/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway. Wan et al., 2012

BA may have anti-obesity effects by directly inhibiting pancreatic lipase. This may prevent the absorption of lipids from the small intestine. Further, BA may further accelerate fat mobilization by enhancing lipolysis in adipose tissues. Kim et al., 2012