Breakfast Skippers Might Be At Higher Risk Of Metabolic Inflexibility And Inflammation

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Impact of breakfast skipping compared with dinner skipping on regulation of energy balance and metabolic risk. - PubMed - NCBI

Background: Meal skipping has become an increasing trend of the modern lifestyle that may lead to obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Objective:
We investigated whether the timing of meal skipping impacts these risks by affecting circadian regulation of energy balance, glucose metabolism, and postprandial inflammatory responses.

Design:
In a randomized controlled crossover trial, 17 participants [body mass index (in kg/m2): 23.7 ± 4.6] underwent 3 isocaloric 24-h interventions (55%, 30%, and 15% carbohydrate, fat, and protein, respectively): a breakfast skipping day (BSD) and a dinner skipping day (DSD) separated by a conventional 3-meal-structure day (control). Energy and macronutrient balance was measured in a respiration chamber. Postprandial glucose, insulin, and inflammatory responses in leukocytes as well as 24-h glycemia and insulin secretion were analyzed.

Results:
When compared with the 3-meal control, 24-h energy expenditure was higher on both skipping days (BSD: +41 kcal/d; DSD: +91 kcal/d; both P < 0.01), whereas fat oxidation increased on the BSD only (+16 g/d; P < 0.001). Spontaneous physical activity, 24-h glycemia, and 24-h insulin secretion did not differ between intervention days. The postprandial homeostasis model assessment index (+54%) and glucose concentrations after lunch (+46%) were, however, higher on the BSD than on the DSD (both P < 0.05). Concomitantly, a longer fasting period with breakfast skipping also increased the inflammatory potential of peripheral blood cells after lunch.

Conclusions:
Compared with 3 meals/d, meal skipping increased energy expenditure. In contrast, higher postprandial insulin concentrations and increased fat oxidation with breakfast skipping suggest the development of metabolic inflexibility in response to prolonged fasting that may in the long term lead to low-grade inflammation and impaired glucose homeostasis. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02635139.
 

Cirion

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I've been making a concerted effort to at least have something light the last couple of weeks (like some nonfat yogurt and some added maple syrup) before I go out the door. Sometimes I only manage a couple hundred calories worth, but its better than nothing. I do notice a difference for sure. In the past I'd have caffeine right in the morning when I wake up and I noticed I'd crash right after. Now if I have caffeine, I wait until I've been at my desk for an hour or so and after I've eaten something. Which brings to mind another point -- Skipping breakfast AND having caffeine on a mostly or entirely empty stomach, is a double disaster, but many Americans do it every weekday. BTW I added 200-400 calories to the coffee and still noticed the crashing effect, so I now think caffeine soon after waking is a bad idea even if intaken with calories. I think you should give the stress hormones a chance to drop down before you bump them up again. They're already highest in the morning, no need to increase it further still.
 

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