Biological Properties of Vitamins of the B-Complex, Part 1: Vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B5

[aliml]

Biological Properties of Vitamins of the B-Complex, Part 1: Vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B5 - PubMed

This review summarizes the current knowledge on essential vitamins B₁, B₂, B₃, and B₅. These B-complex vitamins must be taken from diet, with the exception of vitamin B₃, that can also be synthetized from amino acid tryptophan. All of these...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Abstract​

This review summarizes the current knowledge on essential vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B5. These B-complex vitamins must be taken from diet, with the exception of vitamin B3, that can also be synthetized from amino acid tryptophan. All of these vitamins are water soluble, which determines their main properties, namely: they are partly lost when food is washed or boiled since they migrate to the water; the requirement of membrane transporters for their permeation into the cells; and their safety since any excess is rapidly eliminated via the kidney. The therapeutic use of B-complex vitamins is mostly limited to hypovitaminoses or similar conditions, but, as they are generally very safe, they have also been examined in other pathological conditions. Nicotinic acid, a form of vitamin B3, is the only exception because it is a known hypolipidemic agent in gram doses. The article also sums up: (i) the current methods for detection of the vitamins of the B-complex in biological fluids; (ii) the food and other sources of these vitamins including the effect of common processing and storage methods on their content; and (iii) their physiological function.

Contents​

1. Introduction​

2. Thiamine—Vitamin B1​

2.1. Introduction and Properties​

2.2. Sources of Thiamine​

2.3. Pharmacokinetics of Thiamine​

2.4. Physiological Function of Thiamine​

2.5. Thiamine Deficiency​

2.6. Pharmacological Use of Thiamine​

2.7. Toxicity of Thiamine​

2.8. Drug-Vitamin Interactions Associated with Thiamine Deficiency​

3. Riboflavin—Vitamin B2​

3.1. Introduction and Properties​

3.2. Sources of Riboflavin​

3.3. Pharmacokinetics of Riboflavin​

3.4. Physiological Functions of Riboflavin​

3.5. Riboflavin Deficiency​

3.6. Analytical Determination​

3.7. Pharmacological Use of Riboflavin​

3.8. Toxicity of Riboflavin​

3.9. Drug Interactions Affecting Pharmacokinetics and Interfering with Physiological Function of Riboflavin​

4. Niacin—Vitamin B3​

4.1. Introduction and Properties​

4.2. Sources of Niacin​

4.3. Pharmacokinetics of Niacin​

4.4. Physiological Functions of Niacin​

4.5. Niacin Deficiency​

4.6. Pharmacological Use of Niacin​

4.7. Toxicity of Niacin​

5. Pantothenic Acid—Vitamin B5​

5.1. Introduction and Properties​

5.2. Sources of Pantothenic Acid​

5.3. Physiological Function of Pantothenic Acid​

5.4. Pharmacokinetics of Pantothenic Acid​

5.5. Pantothenic Acid Deficiency​

5.6. Pharmacological Use of Pantothenic Acid​

6. Conclusions​

References​

 

[Dr. B]

Biological Properties of Vitamins of the B-Complex, Part 1: Vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B5 - PubMed

This review summarizes the current knowledge on essential vitamins B₁, B₂, B₃, and B₅. These B-complex vitamins must be taken from diet, with the exception of vitamin B₃, that can also be synthetized from amino acid tryptophan. All of these...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Abstract​

This review summarizes the current knowledge on essential vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B5. These B-complex vitamins must be taken from diet, with the exception of vitamin B3, that can also be synthetized from amino acid tryptophan. All of these vitamins are water soluble, which determines their main properties, namely: they are partly lost when food is washed or boiled since they migrate to the water; the requirement of membrane transporters for their permeation into the cells; and their safety since any excess is rapidly eliminated via the kidney. The therapeutic use of B-complex vitamins is mostly limited to hypovitaminoses or similar conditions, but, as they are generally very safe, they have also been examined in other pathological conditions. Nicotinic acid, a form of vitamin B3, is the only exception because it is a known hypolipidemic agent in gram doses. The article also sums up: (i) the current methods for detection of the vitamins of the B-complex in biological fluids; (ii) the food and other sources of these vitamins including the effect of common processing and storage methods on their content; and (iii) their physiological function.

Contents​

1. Introduction​

2. Thiamine—Vitamin B1​

2.1. Introduction and Properties​

2.2. Sources of Thiamine​

2.3. Pharmacokinetics of Thiamine​

2.4. Physiological Function of Thiamine​

2.5. Thiamine Deficiency​

2.6. Pharmacological Use of Thiamine​

2.7. Toxicity of Thiamine​

2.8. Drug-Vitamin Interactions Associated with Thiamine Deficiency​

3. Riboflavin—Vitamin B2​

3.1. Introduction and Properties​

3.2. Sources of Riboflavin​

3.3. Pharmacokinetics of Riboflavin​

3.4. Physiological Functions of Riboflavin​

3.5. Riboflavin Deficiency​

3.6. Analytical Determination​

3.7. Pharmacological Use of Riboflavin​

3.8. Toxicity of Riboflavin​

3.9. Drug Interactions Affecting Pharmacokinetics and Interfering with Physiological Function of Riboflavin​

4. Niacin—Vitamin B3​

4.1. Introduction and Properties​

4.2. Sources of Niacin​

4.3. Pharmacokinetics of Niacin​

4.4. Physiological Functions of Niacin​

4.5. Niacin Deficiency​

4.6. Pharmacological Use of Niacin​

4.7. Toxicity of Niacin​

5. Pantothenic Acid—Vitamin B5​

5.1. Introduction and Properties​

5.2. Sources of Pantothenic Acid​

5.3. Physiological Function of Pantothenic Acid​

5.4. Pharmacokinetics of Pantothenic Acid​

5.5. Pantothenic Acid Deficiency​

5.6. Pharmacological Use of Pantothenic Acid​

6. Conclusions​

References​

it stops at b5. no choline, betaine, folate, etc.
what are the toxicity concerns?