jzone56
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- Joined
- Jan 28, 2020
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- 25
Study suggests that higher estrogen increases subjective experience of amphetamine. When progesterone elevates later on in women's cycle, the subjective experience between AMPH group and placebo is significantly closer. Progesterone, or estrogen:progesterone ratio, seems to reduce amphetamine's dopaminergic activity. Or perhaps it makes it more "normal", and less manic?
Acute effects of d-amphetamine during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle in women
Objectives: In the present study, we assessed the subjective and behavioral effects of d-amphetamine (AMPH; 15 mg orally) at two hormonally distinct phases of the menstrual cycle in women.
Methods: Sixteen healthy women (18-35 yrs/mean 25) received AMPH or placebo capsules during the follicular and mid-luteal phases of their cycle. During the follicular phase, estrogen levels are low initially and then rise while progesterone levels remain low. During the midluteal phase, levels of both estrogen and progesterone are relatively high. Dependent measures included self-report questionnaires, physiological measures and plasma hormone levels.
Results: Although there were no baseline differences in mood during the follicular or luteal phase, the effects of AMPH were greater during the follicular phase than the luteal phase. During the follicular phase, subjects reported feeling more "High", "Energetic and Intellectually Efficient", and "Euphoric" after AMPH than during the luteal phase, and also reported liking and wanting AMPH more. Further analyses showed that during the follicular phase, but not the luteal phase, responses to AMPH were related to levels of estrogen. Higher levels of estrogen were associated with greater AMPH-induced increases in "Euphoria" and "Energy and Intellectual Efficiency". During the luteal phase, in the presence of both estrogen and progesterone, estrogen levels were not related to the effects of AMPH.
Discussion: These findings are consistent with findings from laboratory animals that during estrus when estrogen is high and progesterone is low, rats show increased locomotor activity, rotational behavior and stereotypy in response to AMPH (e.g., Becker et al. 1982; Becker and Cha 1989). [...] In rats, estrogen is known to facilitate the release of DA, and increased DA activity is believed to underlie the reinforcing effects of AMPH in laboratory animals (e.g., Koob and Nestler 1997).
[...]
It is interesting to note that estradiol levels were not related to AMPH response during the luteal phase. One possible explanation is that the presence of progesterone during the luteal phase may have directly or indirectly counteracted the effects of estrogen. Progesterone has been shown to antagonize estrogen-dependent increases in DA transmission (Fernandez-Ruiz et al.1990; Shimizu and Bray 1993), AMPH-stimulated DA release (Dluzen and Ramirez 1987)"
Acute effects of d-amphetamine during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle in women
Objectives: In the present study, we assessed the subjective and behavioral effects of d-amphetamine (AMPH; 15 mg orally) at two hormonally distinct phases of the menstrual cycle in women.
Methods: Sixteen healthy women (18-35 yrs/mean 25) received AMPH or placebo capsules during the follicular and mid-luteal phases of their cycle. During the follicular phase, estrogen levels are low initially and then rise while progesterone levels remain low. During the midluteal phase, levels of both estrogen and progesterone are relatively high. Dependent measures included self-report questionnaires, physiological measures and plasma hormone levels.
Results: Although there were no baseline differences in mood during the follicular or luteal phase, the effects of AMPH were greater during the follicular phase than the luteal phase. During the follicular phase, subjects reported feeling more "High", "Energetic and Intellectually Efficient", and "Euphoric" after AMPH than during the luteal phase, and also reported liking and wanting AMPH more. Further analyses showed that during the follicular phase, but not the luteal phase, responses to AMPH were related to levels of estrogen. Higher levels of estrogen were associated with greater AMPH-induced increases in "Euphoria" and "Energy and Intellectual Efficiency". During the luteal phase, in the presence of both estrogen and progesterone, estrogen levels were not related to the effects of AMPH.
Discussion: These findings are consistent with findings from laboratory animals that during estrus when estrogen is high and progesterone is low, rats show increased locomotor activity, rotational behavior and stereotypy in response to AMPH (e.g., Becker et al. 1982; Becker and Cha 1989). [...] In rats, estrogen is known to facilitate the release of DA, and increased DA activity is believed to underlie the reinforcing effects of AMPH in laboratory animals (e.g., Koob and Nestler 1997).
[...]
It is interesting to note that estradiol levels were not related to AMPH response during the luteal phase. One possible explanation is that the presence of progesterone during the luteal phase may have directly or indirectly counteracted the effects of estrogen. Progesterone has been shown to antagonize estrogen-dependent increases in DA transmission (Fernandez-Ruiz et al.1990; Shimizu and Bray 1993), AMPH-stimulated DA release (Dluzen and Ramirez 1987)"
