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Braveheart
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UFI....
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PolishSun
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Thank you.
Amazoniac
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- Calcium physiology, metabolism and supplementation: a glance at patients with ankylosing spondylitis
- Nutritional and health factors affecting the bioavailability of calcium: a narrative review
- Why Ray Recommends Eating Lots Of Calcium
- Characterisation of Fecal Soap Fatty Acids, Calcium Contents, Bacterial Community and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Sprague Dawley Rats Fed with Different sn-2 Palmitic Triacylglycerols Diets (Table 4)
- Influence of triacylglycerol structure of stearic acid-rich fats on postprandial lipaemia (Table 1)
"Both intestinal subclinical inflammation and dysbiosis may affect the absorption of calcium and other nutrients. Experiments on human cells and experimental models of IBD showed that interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) can down-regulate the expression in colon of L-type calcium channels [19], and that inflammation may overall repress the expression of TRPV6, calbindin D9K and other calcium transporters in the duodenal epithelium [20], thus reducing the amount of absorbable calcium."
"[..]preclinical studies in animals revealed that calcium supplementation may shift the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota towards fermenting phyla able to synthesize SCFAs [21], ultimately responsible for luminal pH acidification and increased calcium absorption."
"[..]supplementation with calcium and vitamin D may be insufficient to prevent osteoporosis in IBD patients, and this may be due to the down-regulation of calcium transporters in inflamed gut mucosa as reported in preclinical studies [19, 20]."
"[..]preclinical studies in animals revealed that calcium supplementation may shift the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota towards fermenting phyla able to synthesize SCFAs [21], ultimately responsible for luminal pH acidification and increased calcium absorption."
"[..]supplementation with calcium and vitamin D may be insufficient to prevent osteoporosis in IBD patients, and this may be due to the down-regulation of calcium transporters in inflamed gut mucosa as reported in preclinical studies [19, 20]."
"Extracellular calcium concentration has been reported within the normal range in AS subjects [25], suggesting that calcium malabsorption may be compensated by increased calcium uptake from the skeleton, partly explaining the occurrence of osteoporosis in AS subjects [20]."
"Vitamin D induces gastrointestinal and renal calcium and phosphate absorption, whilst in bone it has both a catabolic and an anabolic role [12]."
"Nutritional supplementation of AS patients with microscopic or subclinical colitis is unclear, due to a lack of specific studies in humans. Preclinical studies in HLA-B27 transgenic rats showed a beneficial effect of calcium supplements in reducing colic inflammation, thanks to the reinforcement of the mucosal barrier [52] that may perhaps be attributed to a rebalance in the intestinal microbiota [21]."
"There are several formulations of calcium: specifically, calcium carbonate, citrate, lactate and gluconate represent the supplements most commonly used in clinical practice, besides fortified food and beverages. Calcium carbonate contains 40% elemental calcium, must be administered with meals and is probably the most cost-effective formulation. Calcium citrate, containing 21% elemental calcium, is characterized by a higher solubility that renders it the calcium supplement of choice in achlorhydric, hypo-estrogenic and sideropenic patients, since its absorption is less influenced by active transport and pH [13]."
"Moreover, citrate contributes to bone remodeling and health [53]. Indeed, calcium citrate has more impactful effects in preventing osteopenia in both trabecular and medullar bone compared to calcium carbonate, with numerous studies confirming its better absorption, bioavailability and PTH suppression capability compared to other calcium salts [54]."
"Also, the formation of calcium oxalate stones seems more unlikely with the use of calcium citrate. This formulation, in fact, favors the sequestration of calcium ions and the inhibition of crystal accretion; at the same time, it augments the urinary excretion of macromolecules, such as Tamm-Horsfall protein, finally preventing the development of calcium-oxalate stones [55]."
"Based on these data, calcium supplementation should be started early in osteoporotic or osteopenic AS patients in order to prevent cortical and trabecular bone loss. In consideration of its higher efficacy than other formulations in counteracting trabecular osteoporosis and its better oral bioavailability, calcium citrate should be preferred in longstanding disease and in the case of subclinical or clinical gut involvement."
"In non-osteoporotic or non-osteopenic normocalcemic AS individuals, disturbed intracellular calcium pathways may be corrected with the use of biologic agents targeting cytokines or cytokine-producer cells. By interfering with the intracellular calcium signaling, these drugs may indirectly contribute to the normalization of calcium metabolism in AS patients, preventing cytokine-driven osteopenia and calcification [51]."
"In fact, the use of infliximab and azathioprine and, paradoxically, of glucocorticoids showed beneficial effects on BMD in an observational cohort study on IBD patients, whereas calcium and vitamin D supplements had no significant effect [63]."
"Due to its anti-inflammatory role, the use of vitamin D in deficient AS subjects should be advisable along with calcium supplementation [64]. The use of vitamin D derivatives in AS patients may have several immunomodulatory effects, including the inhibition of IL-17 producing cells and the activation of IL-22 secreting cells [65]. Given the role of IL-22 in bone formation, the treatment of AS patients with supplements of vitamin D may ameliorate inflammation but possibly worsen calcification."
"This effect may be further accentuated by the intestinal and renal resorption of phosphate, which may indirectly contribute to tissue mineralization through the phosphorylation of several extracellular proteins and enzymes involved in matrix remodeling [2] or directly precipitate with calcium to form hydroxyapatite crystals."
"Vitamin D induces gastrointestinal and renal calcium and phosphate absorption, whilst in bone it has both a catabolic and an anabolic role [12]."
"Nutritional supplementation of AS patients with microscopic or subclinical colitis is unclear, due to a lack of specific studies in humans. Preclinical studies in HLA-B27 transgenic rats showed a beneficial effect of calcium supplements in reducing colic inflammation, thanks to the reinforcement of the mucosal barrier [52] that may perhaps be attributed to a rebalance in the intestinal microbiota [21]."
"There are several formulations of calcium: specifically, calcium carbonate, citrate, lactate and gluconate represent the supplements most commonly used in clinical practice, besides fortified food and beverages. Calcium carbonate contains 40% elemental calcium, must be administered with meals and is probably the most cost-effective formulation. Calcium citrate, containing 21% elemental calcium, is characterized by a higher solubility that renders it the calcium supplement of choice in achlorhydric, hypo-estrogenic and sideropenic patients, since its absorption is less influenced by active transport and pH [13]."
"Moreover, citrate contributes to bone remodeling and health [53]. Indeed, calcium citrate has more impactful effects in preventing osteopenia in both trabecular and medullar bone compared to calcium carbonate, with numerous studies confirming its better absorption, bioavailability and PTH suppression capability compared to other calcium salts [54]."
"Also, the formation of calcium oxalate stones seems more unlikely with the use of calcium citrate. This formulation, in fact, favors the sequestration of calcium ions and the inhibition of crystal accretion; at the same time, it augments the urinary excretion of macromolecules, such as Tamm-Horsfall protein, finally preventing the development of calcium-oxalate stones [55]."
"Based on these data, calcium supplementation should be started early in osteoporotic or osteopenic AS patients in order to prevent cortical and trabecular bone loss. In consideration of its higher efficacy than other formulations in counteracting trabecular osteoporosis and its better oral bioavailability, calcium citrate should be preferred in longstanding disease and in the case of subclinical or clinical gut involvement."
"In non-osteoporotic or non-osteopenic normocalcemic AS individuals, disturbed intracellular calcium pathways may be corrected with the use of biologic agents targeting cytokines or cytokine-producer cells. By interfering with the intracellular calcium signaling, these drugs may indirectly contribute to the normalization of calcium metabolism in AS patients, preventing cytokine-driven osteopenia and calcification [51]."
"In fact, the use of infliximab and azathioprine and, paradoxically, of glucocorticoids showed beneficial effects on BMD in an observational cohort study on IBD patients, whereas calcium and vitamin D supplements had no significant effect [63]."
"Due to its anti-inflammatory role, the use of vitamin D in deficient AS subjects should be advisable along with calcium supplementation [64]. The use of vitamin D derivatives in AS patients may have several immunomodulatory effects, including the inhibition of IL-17 producing cells and the activation of IL-22 secreting cells [65]. Given the role of IL-22 in bone formation, the treatment of AS patients with supplements of vitamin D may ameliorate inflammation but possibly worsen calcification."
"This effect may be further accentuated by the intestinal and renal resorption of phosphate, which may indirectly contribute to tissue mineralization through the phosphorylation of several extracellular proteins and enzymes involved in matrix remodeling [2] or directly precipitate with calcium to form hydroxyapatite crystals."
- Nutritional and health factors affecting the bioavailability of calcium: a narrative review
- Why Ray Recommends Eating Lots Of Calcium
- Characterisation of Fecal Soap Fatty Acids, Calcium Contents, Bacterial Community and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Sprague Dawley Rats Fed with Different sn-2 Palmitic Triacylglycerols Diets (Table 4)
- Influence of triacylglycerol structure of stearic acid-rich fats on postprandial lipaemia (Table 1)
GorillaHead
Member
Do high carb meals deplete calcium? I read it causes increase of calcium excretion
Amazoniac
Member
Amazoniac
Member
'Circumventing tablespoons' series:
- Warmth Prevents Bone Loss Through the Gut Microbiota
- Warmth Prevents Bone Loss Through the Gut Microbiota
Amazoniac
Member
Amazoniac
Member
B
Braveheart
Guest
Good ones...
Amazoniac
Member
As we know, killcium is responsible for 40% of the weight of killcium craponate. To obtain 250 mg of killcium, the person has to consume 625 mg of the salt.
The toxin has a molecular weight of ~100 g/1 mol.
We're dealing with 0.625 g:
- Propedeutics to internal medicine (978-966-382-377-5)
- Review article: methods of measuring gastric acid secretion
- Quantification of Gastrointestinal Liquid Volumes and Distribution Following a 240 mL Dose of Water in the Fasted State
The toxin has a molecular weight of ~100 g/1 mol.
We're dealing with 0.625 g:
100 g = 1 mol
0.625 g = ? → 0.00625 mol (or 6.25 mmol)
0.625 g = ? → 0.00625 mol (or 6.25 mmol)
- Propedeutics to internal medicine (978-966-382-377-5)
- Review article: methods of measuring gastric acid secretion
- Quantification of Gastrointestinal Liquid Volumes and Distribution Following a 240 mL Dose of Water in the Fasted State
I know a guy, his sister and him grew up on a dairy farm. His sister is smoking. Normally I am not impressed by womens looks, even by good looking ones. But she is beautiful. Objectively looking at her. She looks very different from any woman I see around - health/looks-wise.
She has a short face (not grown in length), good strong jaw, full cheeks, nice eyes, no bags under her eyes, good color skin, perfect skin. Plus her body is made for pregnancy. Wider hips. She has a bit of fat but not to the point she is chubby or fat. She is quite strong for a woman physically and can handle a lot of stress mentally. She is much calmer than the girls I meet on a daily basis. Very pleasant to be around, more straight forward, etc.
Her brother looks similar. They look very similar. He also has a shorter face and looks like the guy version of her. As a guy I think he looks not as good in comparison. But still a handsome guy. Maybe because I am a guy I cannot appreciate his looks.
If you put this girl next to the girls I meet on a daily basis in the city it is a massive difference. A lot of those women are stressed, flighty and fake acting. Plus lack health. A lot of women are very weak health wise. Pale skin, pimples, bags, no butt or ugly butt (w/ cellulite), mentally unstable. Just straight unattractive. Even if they have good looking features.
The interesting thing is their dad is a dairy farmer and has his own cheese shop. They grew up on a ton of cheese and dairy. I think she still eats a lot of dairy. She also never dieted in her life she said. No fad diets - probably helps as well. My health went to ***t when I started eating some garbage diets. Next to dairy she eats everything, sugar, carbs, fats, etc.
Anyways wanted to add this. Obviously dairy works well for this girl.
She has a short face (not grown in length), good strong jaw, full cheeks, nice eyes, no bags under her eyes, good color skin, perfect skin. Plus her body is made for pregnancy. Wider hips. She has a bit of fat but not to the point she is chubby or fat. She is quite strong for a woman physically and can handle a lot of stress mentally. She is much calmer than the girls I meet on a daily basis. Very pleasant to be around, more straight forward, etc.
Her brother looks similar. They look very similar. He also has a shorter face and looks like the guy version of her. As a guy I think he looks not as good in comparison. But still a handsome guy. Maybe because I am a guy I cannot appreciate his looks.
If you put this girl next to the girls I meet on a daily basis in the city it is a massive difference. A lot of those women are stressed, flighty and fake acting. Plus lack health. A lot of women are very weak health wise. Pale skin, pimples, bags, no butt or ugly butt (w/ cellulite), mentally unstable. Just straight unattractive. Even if they have good looking features.
The interesting thing is their dad is a dairy farmer and has his own cheese shop. They grew up on a ton of cheese and dairy. I think she still eats a lot of dairy. She also never dieted in her life she said. No fad diets - probably helps as well. My health went to ***t when I started eating some garbage diets. Next to dairy she eats everything, sugar, carbs, fats, etc.
Anyways wanted to add this. Obviously dairy works well for this girl.
Last edited:
B
Braveheart
Guest
you're in love...
Candy
Member
- Joined
- Aug 18, 2020
- Messages
- 40
Jajajajaja
Amazoniac
Member
Yeah, as suspected, killcium craponate can tax further someone with poor gastric acidification, doesn't seem a good idea. The authors below pointed out that it's aggravated by the fact that each killcium craponate consumes two hydrochloric acid molecules to yield CaCl2.
- Hypochlorhydric stomach: a risk condition for calcium malabsorption and osteoporosis?
Killcium craponate heading home..
CaCO3 + 2 HCl → CaCl2 + H2CO3 → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
- Hypochlorhydric stomach: a risk condition for calcium malabsorption and osteoporosis?
"The maximal solubility of calcium citrate at room temperature and neutral pH is approximately 100 mg in 100 ml of water, which provides maximally 25 mg of elemental calcium (Ca2+) dissolved in solution. Correspondingly, maximal dissolution of calcium carbonate at neutral pH provides much less than 10 mg of elemental calcium in 100 ml of aqueous solution. These solubilities cannot be improved by adding calcium salts to the solution. However, when hydrochloric acid is present or added, solubility is markedly improved."
"Complete dissolution of calcium requires an equivalent amount of hydrochloric acid to be secreted into the gastric juice as calcium is ingested. For example, complete dissolution of a single 500-mg (approximately 5 mmoles) tablet of calcium carbonate into ionic form (Ca2+) consumes 10 mmoles of hydrochloric acid (for the physiochemical background see: Calcium carbonate - Wikipedia). This will provide 200 mg of elemental calcium in the gastric juice from 500 mg of calcium carbonate."
"Basal acid output in the healthy stomach is 0.2–5 mmol/h into approximately 100–200 ml of gastric juice. Postprandially, the peak and maximal acid outputs increase 10–20-fold for a short period of time."
"In order to ensure the presence of maximal intragastric acidity, calcium carbonate tablets are recommended to be taken with food [4]. It is believed that the dissolution of calcium salts is better postprandially, when the acid output is maximal, than under fasting conditions. However, the use of proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) or the presence of atrophic gastritis decrease both the basal and maximal outputs of acid, and will, therefore, diminish the quantity of acid available for dissociation of calcium salts postprandially. Furthermore, it is conceivable that the simultaneously ingested food also needs and consumes acid for various digestive processes in the postprandial phase, and that this acid is no longer available for dissolution of the calcium salts. In addition, acid may be needed and consumed in the postprandial phase for dissolution of many dietary micronutrients other than calcium, such as, for example, iron, magnesium and zinc."
"The need for elemental calcium is ≥800 mg/day, the amount which has to be dissolved and ionized from the dietary calcium salts within a relatively short period of time (the normal stomach will empty within 1–2 h after ingestion of food). It may be estimated that the acid required for fully dissolution of 800 mg of elemental calcium from 2 g of calcium carbonate is about 40 mmoles of hydrochloric acid, which corresponds to the amount of acid secreted maximally in 1–2 h by a normal healthy stomach. Therefore, the quantity of acid needed is high, which may mean that acid secretion must be normal or nearly normal to ensure a physiologically effective dissolution of all nutrients ingested."
"As a simplified summary, hydrochloric acid (the “stomach acid machine”) ionizes calcium salts, e.g. calcium carbonate, to one Ca2+ ion and two Cl– ions in the stomach, resulting in the production of water and CO2, the latter being mostly exhaled in the breath. Small amounts of soluble bicarbonates may also be formed by the reaction of dissolved CO2 with calcium carbonate. Thus, calcium chloride (CaCl2) is formed, which is highly water-soluble in neutral and even in alkaline milieu."
"The reaction of hydrochloric acid with calcium salts is so basic a physiological phenomenon in the stomach that two British gastroenterologists have recently suggested a new breath test for non-invasive assay of gastric acid secretion. In the test, 13C-labeled calcium carbonate is ingested, after which CO2 in the breath is measured with mass spectrometry [20]. If the stomach is achlorhydric, no labeled CO2 will appear in the breath."
"In atrophic corpus gastritis, the normal acid-secreting oxyntic glands and parietal cells will gradually disappear over the course of years and decades, and will finally be lost completely. The stomach will first be hypochlorhydric and finally achlorhydric. Atrophic gastritis by itself is caused by Helicobacter pylori infection in most cases, or may also be autoimmune in origin. The decrease in capacity of the stomach mucosa to secrete acid is associated with increases in the grade of atrophy and in gland loss. In patients with atrophic gastritis even of a mild degree, both basal and maximal acid output (MAO) are reduced by 50% [38]. The MAO in subjects with mild atrophy is around 15 mmol/h on average, whereas in subjects with a healthy oxyntic mucosa this output is some 30–50 mmol/h [38]."
"In the presence of a healthy stomach with a normally functioning “acid machine”, absorption of supplementary calcium may not be a clinical problem, and all commercially available calcium salts are likely to be of equivalent bioavailability, even though only some 20% of the dietary calcium ingested as a supplement is normally absorbed [51,52]."
"On the other hand, in patients with an acid-free or hypoacid stomach, absorption problems may occur with most of the supplementary oral calcium salts. In these patients, to ensure maximal calcium ionization, the best option could be a prescription of the calcium salt as the most soluble compound available, with the addition of vitamin D, at small doses but given several times per day on an empty stomach, and with abundant water or acid juice, or as effervescent tablets. In hypochlorhydric subjects, this strategy may ascertain the best maximal quantity of ionized calcium in the maximal volume of gastric juice entering the small intestine daily from the stomach."
"The absorption of calcium from natural foods, such as milk, beans, cheese and fish, may also be worth emphasizing, and worthy of therapeutic consideration in subjects with a hypochlorhydric stomach, even though the absorption of calcium from both food and dietary supplements is supposed to be similar [53]. Considering the best soluble calcium formulations, calcium chloride in the form of effervescent tablets, calcium ascorbate or calcium citrate are some available options [54]."
"Complete dissolution of calcium requires an equivalent amount of hydrochloric acid to be secreted into the gastric juice as calcium is ingested. For example, complete dissolution of a single 500-mg (approximately 5 mmoles) tablet of calcium carbonate into ionic form (Ca2+) consumes 10 mmoles of hydrochloric acid (for the physiochemical background see: Calcium carbonate - Wikipedia). This will provide 200 mg of elemental calcium in the gastric juice from 500 mg of calcium carbonate."
"Basal acid output in the healthy stomach is 0.2–5 mmol/h into approximately 100–200 ml of gastric juice. Postprandially, the peak and maximal acid outputs increase 10–20-fold for a short period of time."
"In order to ensure the presence of maximal intragastric acidity, calcium carbonate tablets are recommended to be taken with food [4]. It is believed that the dissolution of calcium salts is better postprandially, when the acid output is maximal, than under fasting conditions. However, the use of proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) or the presence of atrophic gastritis decrease both the basal and maximal outputs of acid, and will, therefore, diminish the quantity of acid available for dissociation of calcium salts postprandially. Furthermore, it is conceivable that the simultaneously ingested food also needs and consumes acid for various digestive processes in the postprandial phase, and that this acid is no longer available for dissolution of the calcium salts. In addition, acid may be needed and consumed in the postprandial phase for dissolution of many dietary micronutrients other than calcium, such as, for example, iron, magnesium and zinc."
"The need for elemental calcium is ≥800 mg/day, the amount which has to be dissolved and ionized from the dietary calcium salts within a relatively short period of time (the normal stomach will empty within 1–2 h after ingestion of food). It may be estimated that the acid required for fully dissolution of 800 mg of elemental calcium from 2 g of calcium carbonate is about 40 mmoles of hydrochloric acid, which corresponds to the amount of acid secreted maximally in 1–2 h by a normal healthy stomach. Therefore, the quantity of acid needed is high, which may mean that acid secretion must be normal or nearly normal to ensure a physiologically effective dissolution of all nutrients ingested."
"As a simplified summary, hydrochloric acid (the “stomach acid machine”) ionizes calcium salts, e.g. calcium carbonate, to one Ca2+ ion and two Cl– ions in the stomach, resulting in the production of water and CO2, the latter being mostly exhaled in the breath. Small amounts of soluble bicarbonates may also be formed by the reaction of dissolved CO2 with calcium carbonate. Thus, calcium chloride (CaCl2) is formed, which is highly water-soluble in neutral and even in alkaline milieu."
"The reaction of hydrochloric acid with calcium salts is so basic a physiological phenomenon in the stomach that two British gastroenterologists have recently suggested a new breath test for non-invasive assay of gastric acid secretion. In the test, 13C-labeled calcium carbonate is ingested, after which CO2 in the breath is measured with mass spectrometry [20]. If the stomach is achlorhydric, no labeled CO2 will appear in the breath."
"In atrophic corpus gastritis, the normal acid-secreting oxyntic glands and parietal cells will gradually disappear over the course of years and decades, and will finally be lost completely. The stomach will first be hypochlorhydric and finally achlorhydric. Atrophic gastritis by itself is caused by Helicobacter pylori infection in most cases, or may also be autoimmune in origin. The decrease in capacity of the stomach mucosa to secrete acid is associated with increases in the grade of atrophy and in gland loss. In patients with atrophic gastritis even of a mild degree, both basal and maximal acid output (MAO) are reduced by 50% [38]. The MAO in subjects with mild atrophy is around 15 mmol/h on average, whereas in subjects with a healthy oxyntic mucosa this output is some 30–50 mmol/h [38]."
"In the presence of a healthy stomach with a normally functioning “acid machine”, absorption of supplementary calcium may not be a clinical problem, and all commercially available calcium salts are likely to be of equivalent bioavailability, even though only some 20% of the dietary calcium ingested as a supplement is normally absorbed [51,52]."
"On the other hand, in patients with an acid-free or hypoacid stomach, absorption problems may occur with most of the supplementary oral calcium salts. In these patients, to ensure maximal calcium ionization, the best option could be a prescription of the calcium salt as the most soluble compound available, with the addition of vitamin D, at small doses but given several times per day on an empty stomach, and with abundant water or acid juice, or as effervescent tablets. In hypochlorhydric subjects, this strategy may ascertain the best maximal quantity of ionized calcium in the maximal volume of gastric juice entering the small intestine daily from the stomach."
"The absorption of calcium from natural foods, such as milk, beans, cheese and fish, may also be worth emphasizing, and worthy of therapeutic consideration in subjects with a hypochlorhydric stomach, even though the absorption of calcium from both food and dietary supplements is supposed to be similar [53]. Considering the best soluble calcium formulations, calcium chloride in the form of effervescent tablets, calcium ascorbate or calcium citrate are some available options [54]."
Killcium craponate heading home..
B
Braveheart
Guest
the same goes for magnesium...use mg chloride...never supp calcium/mag craponate...a little apple cider vinegar when you think you need it at other timesYeah, as suspected, killcium craponate can tax further someone with poor gastric acidification, doesn't seem a good idea. The authors below pointed out that it's aggravated by the fact that each killcium craponate consumes two hydrochloric acid molecules to yield CaCl2.
CaCO3 + 2 HCl → CaCl2 + H2CO3 → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
- Hypochlorhydric stomach: a risk condition for calcium malabsorption and osteoporosis?
"The maximal solubility of calcium citrate at room temperature and neutral pH is approximately 100 mg in 100 ml of water, which provides maximally 25 mg of elemental calcium (Ca2+) dissolved in solution. Correspondingly, maximal dissolution of calcium carbonate at neutral pH provides much less than 10 mg of elemental calcium in 100 ml of aqueous solution. These solubilities cannot be improved by adding calcium salts to the solution. However, when hydrochloric acid is present or added, solubility is markedly improved.""Complete dissolution of calcium requires an equivalent amount of hydrochloric acid to be secreted into the gastric juice as calcium is ingested. For example, complete dissolution of a single 500-mg (approximately 5 mmoles) tablet of calcium carbonate into ionic form (Ca2+) consumes 10 mmoles of hydrochloric acid (for the physiochemical background see: Calcium carbonate - Wikipedia). This will provide 200 mg of elemental calcium in the gastric juice from 500 mg of calcium carbonate.""Basal acid output in the healthy stomach is 0.2–5 mmol/h into approximately 100–200 ml of gastric juice. Postprandially, the peak and maximal acid outputs increase 10–20-fold for a short period of time.""In order to ensure the presence of maximal intragastric acidity, calcium carbonate tablets are recommended to be taken with food [4]. It is believed that the dissolution of calcium salts is better postprandially, when the acid output is maximal, than under fasting conditions. However, the use of proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) or the presence of atrophic gastritis decrease both the basal and maximal outputs of acid, and will, therefore, diminish the quantity of acid available for dissociation of calcium salts postprandially. Furthermore, it is conceivable that the simultaneously ingested food also needs and consumes acid for various digestive processes in the postprandial phase, and that this acid is no longer available for dissolution of the calcium salts. In addition, acid may be needed and consumed in the postprandial phase for dissolution of many dietary micronutrients other than calcium, such as, for example, iron, magnesium and zinc.""The need for elemental calcium is ≥800 mg/day, the amount which has to be dissolved and ionized from the dietary calcium salts within a relatively short period of time (the normal stomach will empty within 1–2 h after ingestion of food). It may be estimated that the acid required for fully dissolution of 800 mg of elemental calcium from 2 g of calcium carbonate is about 40 mmoles of hydrochloric acid, which corresponds to the amount of acid secreted maximally in 1–2 h by a normal healthy stomach. Therefore, the quantity of acid needed is high, which may mean that acid secretion must be normal or nearly normal to ensure a physiologically effective dissolution of all nutrients ingested.""As a simplified summary, hydrochloric acid (the “stomach acid machine”) ionizes calcium salts, e.g. calcium carbonate, to one Ca2+ ion and two Cl– ions in the stomach, resulting in the production of water and CO2, the latter being mostly exhaled in the breath. Small amounts of soluble bicarbonates may also be formed by the reaction of dissolved CO2 with calcium carbonate. Thus, calcium chloride (CaCl2) is formed, which is highly water-soluble in neutral and even in alkaline milieu.""The reaction of hydrochloric acid with calcium salts is so basic a physiological phenomenon in the stomach that two British gastroenterologists have recently suggested a new breath test for non-invasive assay of gastric acid secretion. In the test, 13C-labeled calcium carbonate is ingested, after which CO2 in the breath is measured with mass spectrometry [20]. If the stomach is achlorhydric, no labeled CO2 will appear in the breath.""In atrophic corpus gastritis, the normal acid-secreting oxyntic glands and parietal cells will gradually disappear over the course of years and decades, and will finally be lost completely. The stomach will first be hypochlorhydric and finally achlorhydric. Atrophic gastritis by itself is caused by Helicobacter pylori infection in most cases, or may also be autoimmune in origin. The decrease in capacity of the stomach mucosa to secrete acid is associated with increases in the grade of atrophy and in gland loss. In patients with atrophic gastritis even of a mild degree, both basal and maximal acid output (MAO) are reduced by 50% [38]. The MAO in subjects with mild atrophy is around 15 mmol/h on average, whereas in subjects with a healthy oxyntic mucosa this output is some 30–50 mmol/h [38].""In the presence of a healthy stomach with a normally functioning “acid machine”, absorption of supplementary calcium may not be a clinical problem, and all commercially available calcium salts are likely to be of equivalent bioavailability, even though only some 20% of the dietary calcium ingested as a supplement is normally absorbed [51,52].""On the other hand, in patients with an acid-free or hypoacid stomach, absorption problems may occur with most of the supplementary oral calcium salts. In these patients, to ensure maximal calcium ionization, the best option could be a prescription of the calcium salt as the most soluble compound available, with the addition of vitamin D, at small doses but given several times per day on an empty stomach, and with abundant water or acid juice, or as effervescent tablets. In hypochlorhydric subjects, this strategy may ascertain the best maximal quantity of ionized calcium in the maximal volume of gastric juice entering the small intestine daily from the stomach.""The absorption of calcium from natural foods, such as milk, beans, cheese and fish, may also be worth emphasizing, and worthy of therapeutic consideration in subjects with a hypochlorhydric stomach, even though the absorption of calcium from both food and dietary supplements is supposed to be similar [53]. Considering the best soluble calcium formulations, calcium chloride in the form of effervescent tablets, calcium ascorbate or calcium citrate are some available options [54]."
Killcium craponate heading home..
Once the time machine will be invented, and we can travel back in time to observe our ancestors, we will find how absurd most of the contemporary statements about the nutrition of "hunter gatherers" or "preagricultural" people are. I bet you that no individual in the history of mankind ever got anything close to that amount of calcium from greens, or that they even ate greens habitually. Hunter gatheres and tribes that still cling to the old ways got/get their caclium from animals, not plants. It's the stereotypical immage of the caveman hunting a monstrous mammoth that dominates our picture of their nutrition - lots of meat, and berries and greens. In reality, most of their prey probably were very small mammals, fish, and birds, which traditional people still hunt today. They often consume them whole, including the bones. This is an excellent source of calcium, and even a very small amount of small prey can yield the daily amount of needed calcium.
The prevalence of osteoporosis in developing countries is low compared to most industrialised countries despite an apparent low Ca intake. It is possible, however, that food surveys have overlooked important Ca sources in developing countries. Small fish eaten with the bones can be a rich source of Ca, even though Ca from bone may be considered unavailable for absorption. In the present study, absorption of Ca from indigenous Bengali small fish was compared with the Ca absorption from milk. Ca absorption from single meals was determined in 19 healthy men and women (21-28 y). Each subject received two meal types on two separate occasions. Both meals consisted of white wheat bread, butter and ultra pure water with the main Ca source being either small Bengali fish (397 mg Ca in total) or skimmed milk (377 mg Ca in total). The meals were extrinsically labelled with 47Ca, and whole-body retention was measured on day 8, 12, 15 and 19 after intake of each meal. The labelling procedure was evaluated by an in vitro method. The calculated absorption of Ca as measured with 47Ca whole-body retention was 23.8 +/- 5.6% from the fish meal and 21.8 +/- 6.1% from the milk meal (mean +/- SD), which was not significantly different (p = 0.52). Even after correction for an incomplete isotope exchange, as indicated by the in vitro study, Ca absorption was similar from the two meal types. It was concluded that Ca absorption from small Bengali fish was comparable that from skimmed milk, and that these fish may represent a good source of Ca.
Calcium absorption from small soft-boned fish - PubMed
The prevalence of osteoporosis in developing countries is low compared to most industrialised countries despite an apparent low Ca intake. It is possible, however, that food surveys have overlooked important Ca sources in developing countries. Small fish eaten with the bones can be a rich source...
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Calcium Absorption from Small Soft-boned Fish
M. HANSEN I , S. H. THILSTED, B. SANDSTROM, K. KONGSBAK, T. LARSEN*,
M. JENSEN** and S. S. S0RENSEN**
J. Trace Elements Med. BioI. Vol. 12, pp. 148-154 (1998)
The results from the present study suggest that a daily Ca intake of 400-500 mg as recommended by WHO/FAO for adults (1) can be met by eating 34-43 g fresh small fish and that 43-60 g of the fish would be sufficient to cover the 500-700 mg Ca per day recommended for adolescents. The latest national food survey of Bangladesh (1981-82) showed an average intake of 23 g fish per day (27). Recent minor surveys suggest that intake of fish in Bangladesh has dropped to some extent (28). This trend is probably due to the introduction and promotion o flarge and more expensive fish species in aquaculture projects. However, small fish species are still commonly eaten by the rural population, who cannot afford to buy the larger fish (28).
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Braveheart
Guest
Once the time machine will be invented, and we can travel back in time to observe our ancestors, we will find how absurd most of the contemporary statements about the nutrition of "hunter gatherers" or "preagricultural" people are. I bet you that no individual in the history of mankind ever got anything close to that amount of calcium from greens, or that they even ate greens habitually. Hunter gatheres and tribes that still cling to the old ways got/get their caclium from animals, not plants. It's the stereotypical immage of the caveman hunting a monstrous mammoth that dominates our picture of their nutrition - lots of meat, and berries and greens. In reality, most of their prey probably were very small mammals, fish, and birds, which traditional people still hunt today. They often consume them whole, including the bones. This is an excellent source of calcium, and a very small amount of small prey can yield the daily amount of needed calcium.
The prevalence of osteoporosis in developing countries is low compared to most industrialised countries despite an apparent low Ca intake. It is possible, however, that food surveys have overlooked important Ca sources in developing countries. Small fish eaten with the bones can be a rich source of Ca, even though Ca from bone may be considered unavailable for absorption. In the present study, absorption of Ca from indigenous Bengali small fish was compared with the Ca absorption from milk. Ca absorption from single meals was determined in 19 healthy men and women (21-28 y). Each subject received two meal types on two separate occasions. Both meals consisted of white wheat bread, butter and ultra pure water with the main Ca source being either small Bengali fish (397 mg Ca in total) or skimmed milk (377 mg Ca in total). The meals were extrinsically labelled with 47Ca, and whole-body retention was measured on day 8, 12, 15 and 19 after intake of each meal. The labelling procedure was evaluated by an in vitro method. The calculated absorption of Ca as measured with 47Ca whole-body retention was 23.8 +/- 5.6% from the fish meal and 21.8 +/- 6.1% from the milk meal (mean +/- SD), which was not significantly different (p = 0.52). Even after correction for an incomplete isotope exchange, as indicated by the in vitro study, Ca absorption was similar from the two meal types. It was concluded that Ca absorption from small Bengali fish was comparable that from skimmed milk, and that these fish may represent a good source of Ca.
Calcium absorption from small soft-boned fish - PubMed
The prevalence of osteoporosis in developing countries is low compared to most industrialised countries despite an apparent low Ca intake. It is possible, however, that food surveys have overlooked important Ca sources in developing countries. Small fish eaten with the bones can be a rich source...
Calcium Absorption from Small Soft-boned Fish
M. HANSEN I , S. H. THILSTED, B. SANDSTROM, K. KONGSBAK, T. LARSEN*,
M. JENSEN** and S. S. S0RENSEN**
J. Trace Elements Med. BioI. Vol. 12, pp. 148-154 (1998)
The results from the present study suggest that a daily Ca intake of 400-500 mg as recommended by WHO/FAO for adults (1) can be met by eating 34-43 g fresh small fish and that 43-60 g of the fish would be sufficient to cover the 500-700 mg Ca per day recommended for adolescents. The latest national food survey of Bangladesh (1981-82) showed an average intake of 23 g fish per day (27). Recent minor surveys suggest that intake of fish in Bangladesh has dropped to some extent (28). This trend is probably due to the introduction and promotion o flarge and more expensive fish species in aquaculture projects. However, small fish species are still commonly eaten by the rural population, who cannot afford to buy the larger fish (28).
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Calcium absorption from small soft-boned fish - PubMed
The prevalence of osteoporosis in developing countries is low compared to most industrialised countries despite an apparent low Ca intake. It is possible, however, that food surveys have overlooked important Ca sources in developing countries. Small fish eaten with the bones can be a rich source...
Mauritio
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- Joined
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Does it make sense to split your calcium dose and take it spread out over the day as opposed to one big dose ? For the purpose of PTH lowering that is.
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I use calcium carbonate in the form of eggshell powder and some tablets throughout the day with meals and snacks. I might be using too much, though, since I have amorphous crystals in my urine.
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Braveheart
Guest
Just a point of reference...the EU RDA for calcium is 800mg
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