Molybdenum, Hard To Pronounce, Harder Still To Obtain

[paymanz]

The Content of Copper and Molybdenum in the Liver, Kidneys, and Skeletal Muscles of Elk (Alces alces) from North-Eastern Poland

 

[Amazoniac]

The Content of Copper and Molybdenum in the Liver, Kidneys, and Skeletal Muscles of Elk (Alces alces) from North-Eastern Poland

Peter has been using your image without your consent.

 

[paymanz]

Peter has been using your image without your consent.

But that is a bit different amazoniac!

 

[Amazoniac]

But that is a bit different amazoniac!

I mean, not literally your image. It had to be one of your Instagram exhibitionist photoshoot pics.
By the way, if you ever find a Diokine backgrounded by a crystal cup, avoid it, it's fake; it's humans trying to deceive you. Real Diokine is held by greens, just like the one that you're kissing right now.

 

[Amazoniac]

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10649845
Abstract:
"The paper gives a brief review of human molybdenum metabolism and toxicity and presents the first known case of acute clinical poisoning with molybdenum from the dietary molybdenum (Mo) supplement in a male patient in late thirties. In over 18 days, the patient had consumed a cumulative dose of 13.5 mg Mo (300-800 micrograms Mo/day). Followed the development of acute psychosis with visual and auditory hallucinations, a series of petit mal seizures, and one life threatening grand mal attack. The symptoms remitted several hours after the start of chelation therapy with calcium ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (CaEDTA). A battery of neuropsychological tests and Spectral Emission Computer Tomography demonstrated evident frontal cortical damage of the brain. One year after the Mo poisoning, the patient was diagnosed toxic encephalopathy with executive deficiencies, learning disability, major depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The paper strongly advocates issuance of and strict adherence to written warnings on the instruction labels not to mix potentially harmful neurotoxic substances, such as molybdenum, with other nutriceuticals and to instructions stating maximal single and cumulative doses. Molybdenum is a new and unwelcome member of the "metal madness" family."

 

[Amazoniac]

https://chrismasterjohnphd.com/2018/01/08/why-you-need-glycine-a-panel-discussion/
"Sulfite accumulation, which might be driven by molybdenum deficiency—and dietarily that basically means eating a lot of animal products and not many legumes, and so it’s sort of like you really need a balanced diet if you want this stuff, right? Because you need the animal foods for the B6. Legumes are a great source of molybdenum. If you’re not getting enough, the animal protein’s probably going to cause sulfite to accumulate and basically rob you of vitamin B6."

The Consequences Of Cheese As A Main Source Of Protein

I was joking with the fact that He quotes himself a lot.

That's because I'm into self-promotion. It would be worse if I had products to sell.

--
When a person crashes, he/she starts to have trouble and avoid problematic foods such as legumes and grains, both are good sources. Organ meats aren't suitable for regular consumption. Dark meats aren't consumed often either.

Cocoa and spinach are good ones but you'd need to consume a lot to correct a deficiency. Some fruits and roots can also be great sources but it's more uncertain. I have the impression that these aren't enough to correct a deficiency.

One of these days I tried a caffeine supplement to see how it affected me and was surprised that hospitalization wasn't required. A few days later I realized that I had consumed spinach on the same day. I suspect a deficiency.

@Jennifer - for some reason kidneys concentrate a massive amount (not sure if it's only in ruminants) and you've mentioned issues with them.

 

[Dave Clark]

Essential trace metals in man: Molybdenum - ScienceDirect

"MOLYBDENUM, atomic number 42, is the only metal in the second transitional series which is essential for mammals. Insofar as is known, there are only two mammalian enzymes dependant upon molybdenum as a co-factor; both are dehydrogenases and both are molybdoflavoproteins. Xanthine oxidase found in liver, kidney and milk, oxidizes xanthine, hypoxanthine, some other purines and aldehydes, whereas aldehyde oxidase, found in liver, oxidizes aldehydes to acids [1]."

"[From the available] data it appears that molybdenum goes with copper, zinc and manganese, and with related silver and cadmium in those tissues where both are found frequently."

"[From an analysis, the] richest sources were meats, grains and legumes; the poorest vegetables, fruits, sugars, oils and fats. In fact, molybdenum was not detected in 11 of 25 vegetables other than legumes, and occurred in low concentrations (< 0.1 microg/g) in ten others. Spinach, a yam, canned soup, three syrups, cocoa, mustard, wheat germ and sunflower seeds contained fairly sizeable amounts."

Spoiler: Molybdenum content of foods (1970, US and A)

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"Molybdenum, like other essential trace elements, is one of the key substances upon which life on this planet depends. Organisms concerned with the nitrogen cycle, such as blue-green algae, Azotobacter, Rhizobium and others require molybdenum. Because nitrogen-fixing bacteria in sea and soil require molybdenum, without it there would be little protein, only that derived from those soil bacteria which use vanadium for this purpose; and from stored nitrates in rocks. The fixation of atmospheric nitrogen is the initial step in the synthesis of protein. Furthermore, molybdenum is essential for molds and bacteria which reduce nitrate nitrogen, and which decompose dead organic matter into simple compounds which can be used again for organic synthesis. It is also required for Nitrosomonas which oxidize ammonia to nitrates; and for Nitrobacter which oxidize nitrite to nitrate [2]."

"Insofar as is known, all plants contain molybdenum, and it is essential for the growth of all except a few blue-green algae [2]. Molybdenum may not be found in all parts of plants (see Table 5), but undoubtedly occurs in their seeds and roots. Marine plants have 0.45 ppm, land plants 0.9 ppm, with less in gymnosperms and more in those growing on molybdenum rich soils. Leguminous and seed crops accumulate molybdenum, and can be used as indicator plants for biogeochemical prospecting [21]."

"Plankton concentrate molybdenum to 25 times that of sea water, and brown algae to 11 times."

"In mammals, molybdenum is found mainly in liver, kidney and blood. The amounts depend upon the intake, and tissues normally deficient can be made to accumulate this metal when it is fed in large amounts [14]."

"There are only three, or possibly four, metalloenzymes known which are dependent upon molybdenum, and all of them are molybdoflavoproteins. Two are mammalian O2 oxidoreductases, found where molybdenum occurs in liver and kidney: xanthine oxidase, which catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid, as well as some other purines, pterins and aldehydest, and aldehyde oxidase, which catalyzes the oxidation of aldehydes to acids, as well as quinoline and pyridine derivatives. Both contain four atoms of iron, one atom of molybdenum and one mole of flavin adenine dinucleotide per mole of enzyme."

"Because most aldehydes are vasodilators, aldehyde oxidase is essential for circulatory homeostasis, and because hypoxanthine is nephrotoxic, xanthine oxidase is essential for the integrity of the kidney. In cattle, xanthine calculi occur where molybdenum is deficient [14]. Therefore, molybdenum has only a few specialized functions in the human body, insofar as is known. In experimental animals, levels of tissue xanthine oxidase were in direct proportion to the intake of molybdenum [14]."

"Molybdenum is apparently distributed throughout the liver cell, with little accumulation in nuclear DNA, unlike copper, which is concentrated in mitochondria, and zinc, concentrated in nuclei and in DNA. In view of its association with purines, one might expect it to be chelated by nucleic acids, and it is obviously linked to flavin.
Dietary copper and sulfate are antagonistic to molybdenum in sheep and cattle, and molybdenum in excess produces deficiency of copper [14]."

"Copper exerts its antagonistic effect on molybdenum only in the presence of adequate dietary sulfate [24]."

"Inhibition of molybdenum toxicity by sulfate could be explained by mass displacement of molybdate by sulfate, both being hexavalent and both belonging to the same periodic group. There is no other hexavalent ion in the body present in sufficient quantities to displace molybdate."

"The relationship of sulfate intake to molybdenum content of liver and total body of sheep is illustrated by the work of **** quoted by Underwood [14]. When the ratio of the intakes of molybdenum to sulfate was altered from the normal of 1: 3000 to 1: 21,000, molybdenum content of liver was decreased to 30.3 per cent of the initial value, and of the whole body to 18.2 per cent. When the ratio was altered from a high intake of molybdenum of 1: 47 to 1: 300, liver content declined to 33.3 per cent and whole body to 9.4 per cent. By increasing sulfate intake seven times, tissue molybdenum was depressed by factors of 5.5 and 10.6."

"Soluble hexavalent molybdenum compounds are readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into liver. Molybdenum is found in blood, especially in red cells, and is excreted mainly in the urine, but to some extent in bile, thus producing an hepato-intestinal cycle, which also occurs in manganese metabolism. Excretion is rapid and efficient, but little is known of mechanisms for renal retention in the presence of deficiencies. It is excreted largely unconjugated as molybdate. Apparently there is no mechanism for rejection of hexavalent molybdenum in the gastrointestinal tract, but the liver probably acts as a barrier to adsorption of slight excesses, excreting them in bile."

"Under usual conditions the minimal requirements of mammals for molybdenum are very small. The rat needs more than 0.5 microg/day [2]; at 300 g body weight, this amount would compare with 120 microg/day for a 70 kg man. Thus, it is possible that diets composed largely of refined foods may provide marginal intakes of molybdenum."

"Molybdenum has a low order of toxicity [26]."
"A disease named “teart” occurs in cattle feeding on grass grown in pastures where the soil is high in molybdenum [14]. It is characterized by diarrhea, anemia, poor coats and poor condition. When pasture grass contained 20-100 ppm molybdenum, dry weight, this disease was likely to occur; normal grass contains 3-5 ppm. Presumably alfalfa and clover are the accumulator plants.
This disorder can be treated by excess copper in the diet, or by increasing dietary sulfate. Adequate copper apparently prevents accumulation of molybdenum in liver, in the presence of adequate sulfate, and antagonizes absorption of large amounts from food. Removal of affected animals from such pastures results in rapid recovery as molybdenum is readily excreted in the urine."

"Renal calculi are not uncommon in cattle feeding on molybdenum-deficient pastures." "The relation of marginal intakes of molybdenum to renal xanthine calculi is not known, but presumably such intakes could decrease the body’s xanthine oxidase, especially if the copper intake were elevated from corrosion of copper pipes by soft, acid water [47]."

"Because molybdenum is so intimately concerned with xanthine oxidase, which itself is concerned with the formation of uric acid from hypoxanthine and xanthine as end points of purine metabolism, it is possible that in some way hyperuricemia may be affected by excesses or deficiencies in the diet. Gout represents an inborn error of purine metabolism [43], and theoretically there is adequate xanthine oxidase; deficiency of molybdenum could be expected to reduce the formation of uric acid."

"The major sources of caloric energy, carbohydrates and fats, contain adequate molybdenum only in the whole grain products. Refined sugars contained little or no molybdenum (the “raw” sugars we analyzed were partly refined) and it was found in molasses, a product of refining sugar."

"Unlike other essential trace metals, mean concentrations of molybdenum in liver and kidney were relatively low in the newborn, rising to a peak in the second decade of life and declining slightly thereafter."

Spoiler: burtlancastthesoulsoother

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So then if someone uses MSM, and has high levels of copper (which is probably most of us) they could end up with a molybdenum defficiency?
"Copper exerts its antagonistic effect on molybdenum only in the presence of adequate dietary sulfate [24]."

 

[Wagner83]

https://chrismasterjohnphd.com/2018/01/08/why-you-need-glycine-a-panel-discussion/
"Sulfite accumulation, which might be driven by molybdenum deficiency—and dietarily that basically means eating a lot of animal products and not many legumes, and so it’s sort of like you really need a balanced diet if you want this stuff, right? Because you need the animal foods for the B6. Legumes are a great source of molybdenum. If you’re not getting enough, the animal protein’s probably going to cause sulfite to accumulate and basically rob you of vitamin B6."

The Consequences Of Cheese As A Main Source Of Protein

From what I remember some of the bad effects of dmso have to do with sulfites, perhaps a deficiency in molybdenum means worse reactions to it.
For others who are considering mineral/metal supplements this may be worth a read Zinc Supplements - Clarification On Ray's Comment .

That's because I'm into self-promotion. It would be worse if I had products to sell.

Sometimes I notice the volume of my stools is significantly larger than that of my brain and I lose confidence.

 

[Amazoniac]

So then if someone uses MSM, and has high levels of copper (which is probably most of us) they could end up with a molybdenum defficiency?
"Copper exerts its antagonistic effect on molybdenum only in the presence of adequate dietary sulfate [24]."

Sulfur and copper might antagonize it once in the body, but zinc has a preference for absorption in relation to other trace minerals, so it isn't unlikely that it could impair its absorption and contributed to the problem.
I also suspect higher doses of vit C can excrete it just like it does with copper.

 

[Jennifer]

Thanks, @Amazoniac! I'll look into it. :)

 

[Amazoniac]

From what I remember some of the bad effects of dmso have to do with sulfites, perhaps a deficiency in molybdenum means worse reactions to it.

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) reductase

Thanks, @Amazoniac! I'll look into it. :)

Ignoring seeds, I have the impression that molybdenum content of plants increases along with carotenes. burtlan supplements through juiced carrots. Oranges had a good amount in that study, but it must have been bright oranges. I guess it applies to strawberries, pine of the apples, etc, as well.

Out of curiosity:
Improvement of pineapple fruit quality by molybdenum
Effect of exogenously applied molybdenum on its absorption and nitrate metabolism in strawberry seedlings - ScienceDirect

 

[Wagner83]

I didn't understand one sentence, but I find the idea of an international molybdenum association hilarious.

 

[Amazoniac]

I didn't understand one sentence, but I find the idea of an international molybdenum association hilarious.

It's just that it relies on molybdenum:
DMSO reductase - Wikipedia
@haidut

 

[SolRosenberg]

Can be effective in combatting candida...

 

[TreasureVibe]

It damages the brain, is what I think. Atleast it does when taken as a supplement.

 

[Jennifer]

Oranges had a good amount in that study, but it must have been bright oranges. I guess it applies to strawberries, pine of the apples, etc, as well.

Oh, good! I only consume intelligent oranges so I should be getting a good amount.

Unfortunately, pineapple is a no go for me until I can grow my own. Same with strawberries. I can never find them ripe here. However, the fresh pressed OJ I get from the store has been really ripe lately so I've been drinking a lot of it.

 

[paymanz]

According to this table parsley Mo is higher than spinach.


And good thing is that parsley has much lower level of carotenes and much higher vitamin k, its also loaded with apigenin. And i think you dont have oxalate and goitrogens in parsley.(at least not as much as spinach)

In one study they reported that Mo and some other minerals decreased in parsley in proportion of nitrogen levels of soil.

 

[Amazoniac]

According to this table parsley Mo is higher than spinach.


And good thing is that parsley has much lower level of carotenes and much higher vitamin k, its also loaded with apigenin. And i think you dont have oxalate and goitrogens in parsley.(at least not as much as spinach)

In one study they reported that Mo and some other minerals decreased in parsley in proportion of nitrogen levels of soil.

Processed seeds and organ/dark meats are the best. All other decent sources might not provide enough to correct a deficiency.

- Molecules important for thyroid hormone synthesis and action - known facts and future perspectives
"A more profound understanding of thyroid hormone biosynthesis has also led to a clearer view on the molecular regulation of the thyroid gland and has increased our knowledge about the differentiated state of thyroid epithelial cells. In this context, novel players have been identified, which are important for the maintenance of thyroid physiology, i.e. molybdenum-dependent enzymes with important functions in the oxidative system of thyrocytes [24] and molecules that play a role in thyroglobulin processing for thyroid hormone liberation and release from the thyroid gland (megalin and cysteine cathepsins) [25-27]."

- Invisible Minerals Part II - Carolyn of the Deans

"Molybdenum’s role in human health is still evolving and is a bit mysterious. It was accepted into the ranks of essential elements in 1953.

Molybdenum is an essential mineral required for many significant chemical processes in the body. It acts as a cofactor in enzyme systems that support detoxification, such as sulfite, xanthine, and aldehyde oxidases. These enzymes help remove harmful substances (from internal or external sources) using oxidative detoxification.

Aldehyde oxidase converts acetaldehyde into acetic acid, a harmless chemical that is naturally excreted from the body. Acetaldehyde is a breakdown product of alcohol that is called the “hangover chemical.” Guess what else produces acetaldehyde? Candida albicans. Therefore, if you have yeast overgrowth, the molybdenum in ReMyte will help break down toxic acetaldehyde and dissipate your brain fog.

Acetaldehyde is a particularly potent toxin that can damage all the tissues in the body, including the brain. It readily combines with red blood cells, proteins, and enzymes; travels to all parts of the body; and passes through the blood brain barrier. It damages the structure of red blood cells, making them unable to squeeze through tiny capillaries to convey oxygen to needy tissues. Acetaldehyde cannot be excreted from the body; when it accumulates in tissues, it is responsible for weakness in muscles, irritation, and pain.

Sulfite oxidase breaks down sulfur compounds into sulfate, rendering them harmless to humans. It breaks down sulfur dioxide, found in smog, and sulfites in wine, which affects asthmatics. Molybdenum helps break down the sulfur-containing amino acids homocysteine and cysteine.

Besides treating dangerous levels of sulfur in sulfur-treated foods and smog, molybdenum can be used to treat depression, male impotency, hair loss, and mental imbalance.

Molybdenum is essential for the movement and release of iron in the body, allowing oxygen to travel to the body’s organs. It’s a cofactor in several important enzyme systems. One enzyme system helps mobilize sulfur amino acids, such as methionine and taurine found in ReAline (a Total Body ReSet Formula); another breaks down foods into uric acid; and a third helps metabolize drugs and toxins, including sulfites, a known cause
of asthma.

Molybdenum has a role to play in thyroid function. Molybdenum-dependent enzymes are important in the oxidative system of thyrocytes (thyroid epithelial cells). They also play a role in T3 (thyroglobulin) release from the thyroid gland.

Molybdenum is found in many foods, including beef liver, cereal grains, dark green leafy vegetables, legumes, and peas, but like most minerals, it doesn’t get into these plants if it’s deficient in the soil in which the plants were grown."​

Whenever we search for 'imaginary deficiency #2' or 'a nutrient that's so exotic and inaccessible that could give false hopes of improvement' or 'the rare and missing key that unlocks the palace of joy' or 'temporary tool to evade learned helplessness', Google returns.. Did you mean: molybdenum

 

[Amazoniac]

It damages the brain, is what I think. Atleast it does when taken as a supplement.

How?

Oh, good! I only consume intelligent oranges so I should be getting a good amount.

This supports the 'you are what you eat' adage..

 

[Wagner83]

and a third helps metabolize drugs and toxins, including sulfites, a known cause of asthma

Again that goes well with asthma, some of the toxic effects of dmso, maybe even aspirin-induced and exercise-induced asthma? The cure to all?

How?

Is Molybdenum From Supplements Neurotoxic?